Sociodemographic characteristics for the study population, according to the number of chronic conditions.

Sociodemographic characteristics for the study population, according to the number of chronic conditions.</p

Prediction performance measures.

Prediction performance measures.</p

S1 Appendix -

(PDF)</p

Prevalence and cooccurrence of chronic conditions.

a) Prevalence of chronic conditions (light gray + dark gray), occurring jointly with other conditions (light gray) and occurring without any condition (dark gray); b) Prevalence of y-axis comorbidities among participants who have x-axis conditions; common mental–common mental disorder.</p

Performance of multilabel classifiers according to the number of features.

MTV- multivariate; RF-Random Forest; CC- Classifier Chain; SVM- Support Vector Machine; BR- Binary Relevance; DBR- Dependent Binary Relevance.</p

Average variable importance for the first top 15 features using multivariate random forest.

BP-Blood Pressure; BMI-Body Mass Index.</p

Additional file 1: of Association between perceived neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity and diet quality: results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Items included in the neighbourhood scales. This additional file presents the items included in the neighbourhood scales, which report the participants’ perception of the walking environment and availability of healthy foods. (PDF 40 kb

Predictors of cIMT determined from multivariable models selected after the adaptive lasso procedure.

<p>^a These results are from the proportional odds model</p><p>^b These results are from the linear model originally selected by the adaptive lasso procedure</p><p>Abbreviations: BMI—body mass index; LDL—low density lipoprotein.</p><p>Reference categories: Sex: Male; Smoking: Never; Family History of AMI or Stroke: No; Use of lipid-lowering drugs: No; Hypertension: No</p><p>Predictors of cIMT determined from multivariable models selected after the adaptive lasso procedure.</p

Characteristics of patients stratified by cIMT terciles ^a.

<p>^a Numbers are N (%) unless noted otherwise</p><p>Abbreviations: IQR—interquartile range; AMI—acute myocardial infarction; CVD—cardiovascular disease; BMI—body mass index; DM—diabetes mellitus; HDL—high density lipoprotein; LDL—low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein; CMV—cytomegalovirus.</p><p>Characteristics of patients stratified by cIMT terciles <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117461#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

HIV Infection Is Not Associated with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the INI/ELSA-Brasil Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) has been used as an early marker of atherosclerotic disease in the general population. Recently its role among HIV-infected patients has been questioned. To date, no Brazilian study has compared cIMT in respect to HIV status.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We compared data from 535 patients actively followed in a prospective cohort in Rio de Janeiro (HIV group); 88 HIV-negative individuals who were nominated by patients (friend controls–FCs); and 10,943 participants of the ELSA-Brasil study. Linear regression models were used to study associations of the 3 groups and several covariables with cIMT. Propensity scores weighting (PSW) were also employed to balance data.</p><p>Results</p><p>Median thickness in mm (IQR) were 0.54 (0.49,0.62); 0.58 (0.52,0.68); and 0.57 (0.49,0.70), HIV, FCs and ELSA-Brasil groups, respectively (p-value<0.001). The best linear model chosen did not include the group variables, after adjusting for all the variables chosen, showing no difference of cIMT across groups. Similar results were obtained with PSW. Several traditional CVD risk factors were also significantly associated with cIMT: female gender, higher education and higher HDL were negatively associated while risk factors were older age, current/former smoker, AMI/stroke family history, CVD history, hypertension, DM, higher BMI and total cholesterol.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We show for the first time in a middle-income setting that cIMT, is not different in HIV-infected patients in Rio de Janeiro compared with 2 different groups of non-HIV-infected individuals. Traditional CVD risk factors are associated with this outcome. Our results point out that high standards of care and prevention for CVD risk factors should always be sought both in the HIV-infected and non-infected populations to prevent CVD-related events.</p></div