Table A1

Data used to parameterise the two-sex model for bulb mites, coho salmon and bullhorned dung beetles. All data are taken from published studies and references can be found in the footnotes of the Table

Growth and survival data of R. robini

Data on growth and survival of Rhizoglyphus robini females raised in a good (yeast) or a bad (filter paper) environment. Mites were reared individually and always had ad lib access to their food. These data were used to estimate the Gompertz functions (see Methods) and character-demography functions of the Integral Projection Model (see Methods)

Life cycle of the bulb mite.

<p>The life cycle has six life stages; the deutonymph stage is the facultative dispersal stage that develops under unfavourable conditions. Male morph determination is dependent on the size of the tritonymph stage. Here, we found that adult males that had expressed the dispersal stage all matured as fighters (see <i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#sec011" target="_blank">Results</a></i>).</p

Compensatory growth.

<p>Total growth (mm) and standardised growth (mm per day per tritonymph length) during the tritonymph stage, as a function of deutonymph presence (Deuto) or deutonymph absence (No Deuto) during development in females (A) and fighter males (B). Boxes represent upper and lower quartile ranges, middle bands are medians and whiskers represent the extremes. Outliers are shown as points.</p

Summary of the comparison between the effects of deutonymph expression (dispersal by phoresy) and dispersal via flight on life-history traits and sex ratio.

<p>¹Roff [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref044" target="_blank">44</a>]</p><p>² Dixon et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>]</p><p>³Roff & Fairbairn [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>]</p><p>⁴Zera and Denno [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>]</p><p>⁵Bonte et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]</p><p>⁶Rankin & Burchsted [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>]</p><p>⁷Min et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>]</p><p>⁸Hanski et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>]</p><p>⁹Fadamiro et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>]</p><p>¹⁰Perez-Mendoza et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref048" target="_blank">48</a>]</p><p>¹¹Gäde [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref049" target="_blank">49</a>]</p><p>¹²Nishigaki & Ohtaki [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136872#pone.0136872.ref050" target="_blank">50</a>]; NA–not applicable</p><p>^§This study</p><p>^#Sexes were not separated in this study</p><p>*Measurement was lipid content.</p><p>Summary of the comparison between the effects of deutonymph expression (dispersal by phoresy) and dispersal via flight on life-history traits and sex ratio.</p

Female lifetime egg production.

<p>Lifetime egg production as a function of female lifespan for dispersers (open squares and dashed lines) and non-dispersers (solid points and solid line). Confidence intervals are shown in red; dispersers (dashed red lines), non-dispersers (solid red lines).</p