Recycling residues from the pulp and paper industries in the civil construction

This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of the dregs-grits compound in the civil construction goods generated by the pulp and the paper industries which uses the Kraft process. The use of this compound in construction materials can be an economical and environmentally viable alternative, but it must be evaluated to ensure that products maintain their quality and meet all regulatory and industrial standards. Thus, after drying, grinding, screening, and chemical characterization, tests were conducted to evaluate the potential of this compound as a substitute for the fine aggregate in a mixed mortar lining. The possible influence of the addition of the dregs-grits compound on the mechanical properties of the mortar tests were evaluated by using compressive strength and tensile strength. The results showed that this compound can be used to produce mixed mortar lining, replacing its mass in up to 20% of sand medium-fine fraction. Although the use of all the fraction medium-fine of the compound dregs-grits monthly generated by the pulp and paper industries, it is necessary to build 952 houses in 90.25 m2 , without loss in application of the mixed mortar lining. The social and the environmental benefits by reducing the extraction of sand from the riverbeds and the proper disposal of these wastes would be immeasurable.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Agricultural potential of an industrial sewage sludge in compliance with CONAMA Resolution no. 375/2006

The agricultural use of sewage sludge is one of the best alternatives to disposal because of its potential as a plant fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, to be safe for agricultural use, the sewage sludge must be evaluated according to its physical, chemical, and biological properties and its origin. In Brazil, NBR 10.004/2004 is the standard that determines the classification of solid waste, and CONAMA Resolution 375/2006 defines the criteria for the agricultural use of sewage sludge. This study evaluated the agricultural potential of an aerobically digested industrial sewage sludge from the Serramar Dairy Cooperative in the city of Guaratinguetá, São Paulo. This sludge was classified as Class IIA waste according to NBR 10.004/2004 and displayed potential for agricultural use by falling within the limits in terms for heavy metals and pathogenic organisms established by Resolution 375/2006 as well as containing high levels of nutrients. To establish the sludge doses allowed for application to crops such as maize (annual) and Eucalyptus sp. (perennial) by the resolution, the amount of nitrogen available in the sludge and the amounts of this nutrient required by these crops were considered. The recommended sewage sludge doses for corn (8 Mg ha- 1) and Eucalyptus sp. forestation (6 Mg ha- 1) can meet the nitrogen and phosphorus needs of these crops but require supplementation with potassium mineral fertilizer

Avaliação agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado no campo, em um Cambissolo distrófico, nos anos agrícolas 1999/2000 e 2000/2001. A aplicação de 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 Mg ha-1 de biossólido base seca, suplementado com K2O nos dois anos e 30% do P2O5 recomendado no segundo ano, foi comparada à adubação mineral completa. O biossólido melhorou a fertilidade do solo, o estado nutricional e a produtividade do milho, que apresentou resposta quadrática às doses aplicadas, atingindo a máxima de 9.992 kg ha-1 de grãos com 22,5 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, superando em 21% a adubação mineral e em 74% o controle. Mesmo na maior dose aplicada, os teores de nutrientes, Na e metais pesados no biossólido não causaram fitotoxicidade. A equivalência em produtividade à adubação mineral (7.895 kg ha-1) foi obtida com 10 Mg ha-1 de biossólido. Com base na equivalência ao NPK, o valor do biossólido foi estimado em R$43,70 Mg-1 base seca e R$ 8,74 Mg-1 base úmida. Considerando-se o custo de transporte, a aplicação deste biossólido é economicamente viável numa distância de até 66 km da fonte geradora

Verificação de mudança da cobertura da terra para quantificação de áreas com solo exposto, um subsídio à análise de sustentabilidade de reservatórios de geração de energia hidrelétrica

Changes in patterns of land use for decades can to produce impacts and damages on the environment. Among these impacts, the acceleration of physical processes such as erosion damage, can reduce the productive capacity of hydroelectric reservoirs, water resources and the productive capacity of the soil. The objective of this paper was to quantify the change in land use over 27 years, to check the area of exposed soil, a key element of the process of reducing the generating capacity of hydroelectric reservoirs. The study was conducted with the use of remote sensing, GIS and satellite images LandSat TM5 in dates from 1984 to 2011. The results obtained at this time demonstrates a considerable increase in the exposed soil rates, with a large escalade of this use type, to 26.79% in the investigated period. These rates are highs in the Brazilian savannas, and the damages on the environment can to be irreversible or very expensive to reverse. However, the land use on the basin indicates a future problems if the users of natural resources do not implement polices to recuperate the environment and to reduce the exposure soil rates for erosion damages.Pages: 7156-716

Biological characteristics indicators of soil quality after two years of application of an industrial biosolid and corn cultivation

A utilização agrícola de biossólidos tem sido muito incentivada, mas, como esses resíduos apresentam composição química variada, o valor agronômico e os efeitos sobre características indicadoras de qualidade do solo precisam ser avaliados caso a caso, a fim de estabelecer normas de segurança para uso desses materiais. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas características biológicas, após a aplicação, por dois anos consecutivos, de doses crescentes (0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 t ha-1 base seca) de um biossólido gerado por uma indústria de fibras e resinas PET e da adubação mineral completa no cultivo de milho, em um Cambissolo distrófico, comparados aos de uma área adjacente, sob Brachiaria sp. e sem cultivo nos últimos 10 anos, usada como referência. Os valores de C e N da biomassa microbiana, a respiração basal e as atividades das enzimas urease e beta-glicosidase e da hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA) aumentaram, enquanto a atividade da fosfatase ácida diminuiu com a elevação das doses de biossólido, porém estas não tiveram efeito sobre o quociente metabólico (qCO2). A diminuição da atividade da fosfatase se deveu ao aumento da disponibilidade de P no solo, não caracterizando efeito adverso da aplicação do biossólido. Com aplicação de 12 t ha-1 de biossólido (recomendação agronômica), a respiração e a hidrólise da FDA foram maiores e a atividade da fosfatase foi menor que a obtida no solo com adubação mineral, mas as demais características avaliadas não diferiram entre estes tratamentos. A colonização micorrízica de Brachiaria sp. não diferiu entre plantas de crescimento espontâneo nas parcelas anteriormente cultivadas com milho e aquelas da área adjacente. Apesar do menor número de esporos, verificou-se enriquecimento de espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) nas parcelas cultivadas. O carbono orgânico (Corg) e a biomassa microbiana apresentaram alta correlação com os demais parâmetros avaliados, indicando que as alterações na quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica, promovidas pela aplicação do biossólido, refletiram na dinâmica da microbiota e influenciaram positivamente os parâmetros biológicos de qualidade do solo.The agricultural use of biosolids has been stimulated, however, as the chemical composition of these residues is varied, the agronomic value and effects on soil quality characteristics need to be individually assessed in order to establish safety norms for their application. The present work evaluated biological characteristics after the application for two consecutive years of increasing doses (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 t ha-1 dry matter) of biosolid generated by a PET fiber and resin industry. There was also a complete mineral fertilizer treatment in corn cultivation in a Cambisol, compared to an adjacent area under Brachiaria sp. without cultivation for the last ten years. The microbial biomass C and N, basal respiration and urease, beta-glucosidase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activities were increased, while the acid phosphatase activity was reduced with the increase of biosolid rates. The different biosolid doses had no effect on the microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2). The decrease in phosphatase activity was related to the increase in phosphorus availability in soil rather than representing an adverse effect to biosolid application. With the application of 12 Mg ha-1 biosolid (agronomic recommendation), the basal respiration and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were higher and the phosphatase activity lower than in the soil that received mineral fertilizer, while the other parameters were not affected by these treatments. The mycorrhizal colonization of Brachiaria sp. did not differ among spontaneously growing plants in plots previously cultivated with corn and those of adjacent area. In spite of the lower spore number, an enrichment in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species was observed in the cultivated plots. Organic carbon and microbial biomass were highly correlated with the other characteristics. This indicates that the changes in the amount and quality of soil organic matter, as a result of biosolid application, altered microbial dynamics and influenced the biological parameters of soil quality positively

Geospatial interpolation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in areas with scarce data: case study in the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The reference evapotranspiration is an important hydrometeorological variable; its measurement is scarce in large portions of the Brazilian territory, what demands the search for alternative methods and techniques for its quantification. In this sense, the present work investigated a method for the spatialization of the reference evapotranspiration using the geostatistical method of kriging, in regions with limited data and hydrometeorological stations. The monthly average reference evapotranspiration was calculated by the Penman-Monteith-FAO equation, based on data from three weather stations located in southern Minas Gerais (Itajubá, Lavras and Poços de Caldas), and subsequently interpolated by ordinary point kriging using the approach "calculate and interpolate." The meteorological data for a fourth station (Três Corações) located within the area of interpolation were used to validate the reference evapotranspiration interpolated spatially. Due to the reduced number of stations and the consequent impossibility of carrying variographic analyzes, correlation coefficient (r), index of agreement (d), medium bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE) and t-test were used for comparison between the calculated and interpolated reference evapotranspiration for the Três Corações station. The results of this comparison indicated that the spatial kriging procedure, even using a few stations, allows to interpolate satisfactorily the reference evapotranspiration, therefore, it is an important tool for agricultural and hydrological applications in regions with lack of data

A construção da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu e seu impacto sobre a urbanização de Foz do Iguaçu

This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of the urban area of Foz do Iguaçu city with the construction of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant, considering the period from 1970 to 2007. The deployment of Itaipu was needed to cover the deficit of energy production in Brazil, but the construction of this plant caused a large environmental impact in the city of Foz do Iguaçu that this period had an population of 34,000 inhabitants and was not prepared to receive a large number of employees (about 40,000) who came to work in the construction of the plant. Located in the border region in the far west of the state of Paraná, the city of Foz do Iguaçu suffered large impacts from 1970 to 2007, the population growth was over 756.40% and the growth of the urban area was of approximately 6,600.00% this period.Pages: 983-99

Bombeamento e tratamento da fase livre em Aquífero Litorâneo

High fuel consumption and its inadequate control in fuel stations caused the pollution of soil and aquifers. These consequences created more concern with the increased exploration of aquifers to supply the groundwater demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the eficiency and efectiveness of the of pump and treat technique of the water applied to the Coastal Aquifer in the cleaning up of the plumes produced by the leaking of fuel in the gas station Auto Posto Baía do Sol Ltda. The gas station is located in São Sebastião, in the north coast of São Paulo State. In the case of Auto Posto Baía do Sol Ltda., the technique of pump and treat was eficient and the plume produced by the leakage was completely removed. However, the efectiveness of this technique was low due to the long time required for the complete operation.O elevado consumo de combustíveis e sua inadequada disposição no passado geraram preocupações com a poluição do solo e de aquíferos. Essas preocupações tornaram-se ainda maiores pela necessidade de exploração de aquíferos para atender à crescente demanda por recursos hídricos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência e a eficácia da técnica de bombeamento e tratamento aplicada à remediação da pluma de fase livre de hidrocarbonetos na área do Auto Posto Baía do Sol, localizado em São Sebastião, no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, sobre o Aquífero Sedimentar Litorâneo. Os resultados demonstraram que a técnica de bombeamento e tratamento foi eficiente na remediação da área deste Auto Posto, com a remoção total dos poluentes em fase livre. Por outro lado, a técnica apresentou baixa eficácia em razão da necessidade de um período prolongado de bombeamento