Perspectives of the inhaled antibiotics usage in pediatrics

The antibacterial therapy in children remains a complicated and an unsolved problem of medicine. Despite the fact that antibiotics are largely available, every year more and more bacteria become resistant to these drugs. Also, there is only a small number of new antibacterial agents introduced into practice, especially for respiratory system infections. This is due to the fact that systemic antibiotics poorly penetrate into the pulmonary tissue and do not create high concentrations at the site of inflammation. With increased doses of systemic antibacterial agents, their toxic effect on the body of the patient also increases. Therefore, the usage of inhalation route for the intake of these agents is a modern one and reduces the risk of systemic side effects. In the literature review conducted by us, the main advantages of inhalation intake of antibiotics have been examined, the analysis of the basic preparations usage has been carried out and the disadvantages and side effects of the inhalation route of the antibacterial agents intake have been identified. It is also worth noting that the inhaled antibiotics are practically not used as monotherapy, but only in combination with antibiotics with systemic action. They cannot be an alternative or a substitute for systemic drugs. The usage of this group of drugs makes it possible to improve the results of treatment of the respiratory diseases in children, especially with chronic inflammatory processes. The inhaled antibiotics can be one more important step in the fight against antibiotic resistance

CHRONIC HEART FAILURE CAUSES OSTEOPATHY OR IS OSTEOPATHY A FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE?

Objective: As their proportion rises in the aging population, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis increasingly become significant health problems of the developed world, leading to reduced lifespan and substantial financial burdens, not the least because of complications and comorbidities associated with each disorder. This study investigates bone mineralization in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) complicated by Stage I chronic heart failure (CHF).Methods: The study group consisted of 41 patients of both sexes with CHF Stage I against the background of CHD that with no severe comorbidities that could have potentially caused changes in bone tissue. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy X-ray densitometry of lumbar region of spine and proximal right femur.Results: Structural and functional changes in the bone of the lumbar spine were found in 75.9% of the patients with Stage I CHF caused by CHD. Osteopenia was diagnosed in 64.4% of the patients, while osteosclerotic bone changes were less frequent and found in 11.5% of the patients. 75.8% of the patients had structural and functional changes in the proximal segment of the right femur bone. In men with Stage I CHF against the background of CHD osteopenia was more often diagnosed in the proximal segment of the right femur, while in women it was found in almost equal proportion in the spine and hip.Conclusions: In both sexes with I Stage CHF against the background of CHD were diagnosed changes in bone mineralization, with osteopenia being the prevailing diagnosis.Â

Rola mikrobioty w rozwoju chorób alergicznych

Scientific progress, industrial development, urbanization, and the “sterile” way of life have a significant negative side, namely, the sustained growth of allergic diseases. The “hygienic theory” is used to explain the unceasing increase in the incidence of allergies in the population. At the same time, an important link in the development of allergic diseases is the microbiological environment and our own microbiota. In our literature review we gathered new data on the pathogenetic relationships between the violation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of our microbiocenosis and the development of allergic diseases. The basic mechanisms by which microbiota influence the development of an allergic process have been established, in particular: influence on T-cell immunity, synthesis of cytokines, etc. In this review, particular attention is paid to factors that lead to microbiocenosis and contribute to the development of allergies. Among them it is worth to highlight inappropriate nutrition, “sterile” style of life, widespread using of antiseptics and antibiotics, etc. Therefore, the most important step in the prevention of allergic diseases is the modification of lifestyle, breastfeeding of children, frequent staying in the open air and contact with nature, rational use of antiseptics and antibiotics.Negatywnym aspektem postępu naukowego, rozwoju przemysłowego, urbanizacji i „sterylnego” stylu życia jest stały wzrost zachorowań na choroby alergiczne. Zależność tę wyjaśnia tzw. „teoria higieniczna”, tłumacząca nieprzerwany wzrost liczby alergii wśród społeczeństwa. Równie istotnym czynnikiem w rozwoju chorób alergicznych jest środowisko mikrobiologiczne i nasza własna mikrobiota. W tym artykule staraliśmy się zebrać nowe dane na temat zależności patogenetycznych, pomiędzy naruszeniem ilościowego i jakościowego składu naszej mikrobiocenozy, a rozwojem chorób alergicznych. Podstawowe mechanizmy wpływu mikrobioty oraz procesu powstawania alergii zostały już ustalone, są to przede wszystkim: wpływ komórek T na odporność, synteza cytokin, itp. Obecnie, szczególną uwagę poświęca się czynnikom, które prowadzą do powstawania mikrobiocenoz i przyczyniają się do rozwoju alergii. Należą do nich m.in. niewłaściwe odżywianie, „sterylny” styl życia, częste stosowanie środków antyseptycznych i antybiotyków. Z tego powodu najważniejszym krokiem w profilaktyce chorób alergicznych jest zmiana stylu życia, karmienie dzieci piersią, częste przebywanie na świeżym powietrzu, kontakt z naturą i rozsądne stosowanie środków antyseptycznych i antybiotyków