A case study of human hepatic hydatidosis and the biochemical Profile of cyst wall and fluid

The non specific haematological changes and negative Casoni's test suggest that ultrasonography is more reliable for the diagnosis and epidemiological stud­ies of human hydatidosis. The majo.r biochemical compo­nents like glycogen, proteins, nucleic acids, total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospho­lipid fractions were analysed and compared with the other host's cysts. The differences were discussed in the light of strain variations in Echinococcus granulosus

New mitogenome and nuclear evidence on the phylogeny and taxonomy of the highly zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto

Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a significant global public health concern. Echinococcus granulosus s. l. is currently divided into numerous genotypes (G1-G8 and G10) of which G1-G3 are the most frequently implicated genotypes in human infections. Although it has been suggested that G1-G3 could be regarded as a distinct species E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), the evidence to support this is inconclusive. Most importantly, data from nuclear DNA that provide means to investigate the exchange of genetic material between G1-G3 is lacking as none of the published nuclear DNA studies have explicitly included G2 or G3. Moreover, the commonly used relatively short mtDNA sequences, including the complete coxl gene, have not allowed unequivocal differentiation of genotypes G1-G3. Therefore, significantly longer mtDNA sequences are required to distinguish these genotypes with confidence. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the phylogenetic relations and taxonomy of genotypes G1-G3 using sequences of nearly complete mitogenomes (11,443 bp) and three nuclear loci (2984 bp). A total of 23 G1-G3 samples were analysed, originating from 5 intermediate host species in 10 countries. The mtDNA data demonstrate that genotypes G1 and G3 are distinct mitochondrial genotypes (separated by 37 mutations), whereas G2 is not a separate genotype or even a monophyletic cluster, but belongs to G3. Nuclear data revealed no genetic separation of G1 and G3, suggesting that these genotypes form a single species due to ongoing gene flow. We conclude that: (a) in the taxonomic sense, genotypes G1 and G3 can be treated as a single species E. granulosus s. s.; (b) genotypes G1 and G3 should be regarded as distinct genotypes only in the context of mitochondrial data; (c) we recommend excluding G2 from the genotype list. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Histopathological changes in naturally-infected Chirruh snowtrout, Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel), with Adenoscolex oreini (Caryophyllidea: Capingentidae) SHORT COMMUNICATION

Abstract. The aim of this study was to carry out histopathological studies on the intestines of Chirruh snowtrout, Schizothorax esocinus (Heckel), naturally infected with the caryophyllidean cestode, Adenoscolex oreini. The specimens of S. esocinus (25-40 cm) were collected from the Jhelum River, Kashmir, India. Heavily infected fish (> 50 worms per individual host) with only A. oreini were chosen for the histopathological investigation. The intestinal tissues with parasites in situ were fixed and processed for routine histological investigations. About 12.7% of the snowtrout were found to harbor A. oreini infection. With heavy worm burden, the aggregation of worms and increased mucus secretion were noted in infected intestines. The worm scolex lacked a specialized attachment organ and penetrated deeply into the intestinal wall. The pathology induced by this worm in the gut included mucosal damage at the site of attachment and the compression of villi adjacent to the strobila. Intense cellular response induced by the worm at the site of attachment was also observed. Keywords: Adenoscolex, Caryophyllidea, histopathology, Schizothorax, scolex glands The adverse effects of caryophyllidean cestodes on their piscine hosts include compression, damage, and atrophy of epithelium, the production of lesions, the loss of microvilli, the shedding of host tissues, irritation, inflammation, and the perforation of the gut mucosa, and subsequent mortality is well documented (see references in Morley and Hoole 1995). The degree of pathology in the gut is closely related to the morphology of the scolex and the mode of attachment (Mackiewicz et al. 1972, Hayunga 1979. Histopathology due to caryophyllidean cestode infections in fishes has been reported b

Partial characterization of superoxide dismutase activity in the Barber pole worm-Haemonchus contortus infecting Capra hircus and abomasal tissue extracts

Objective: To determine the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the male and female haematophagous caprine worms, Haemonchus contortus infecting Capra hircus, and their E/S products and also to analyse the effect of Haemonchus infection on the level of host SOD. Methods: The SOD activity was analysed by using the pyrogallol autoxidation assay and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by specific enzyme staining by riboflavin-nitroblue tetrazolium method. Results: The adult females were found to have higher enzyme activity than the male worms. Appreciable amount of SOD activity was also detected in the worm culture medium and female worms secreted more SOD in comparison to the male parasites. The SOD activity was negatively correlated to the worm burden. Statistically significant decrease in SOD activity (P<0.05) was observed in the heavily infected host tissue in comparison to the control non-infected host tissue. SOD profile of the crude extracts of both the sexes revealed polymorphism and a fast migrating activity band being characteristic of E/S products. The SOD activities were found highly sensitive to potassium cyanide indicating the Cu/Zn form of SOD. Conclusions: Haemonchus contortus is a key model parasite for drug and vaccine discovery. The presences of SOD activity in appreciable amount in the parasite as well as its E/S products indicate that it has a well-developed active antioxidant system to protect itself from the host immune attack. SOD could be the target for vaccine development which is the need of the hour as mass drug administration for parasite control has resulted in anthelmintic resistance across the globe and threatens the viability of sheep and goat industry in many regions of the world. The infection with Haemonchus causes a drastic reduction in SOD activity of the host tissue thus effecting its protective potential. One characteristic SOD band was found in the females which was not present in any other preparations and thus could be exploited for further studies on diagnostic/control measures

عہد فاروقی میں عیسائیوں کے ساتھ سماجی تعلقات اور ان کی عصری تطبیق: SOCIAL RELATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY COMPATABILITY WITH THE CHRISTIANS IN AHD E FAROOQI

The aquisition of peace and order justice and equality and decent behavior,good will and fundamental neends are indidiscriminately the rights of people irrespective of race and colour. After the Golden regime of the Holy Prophet(S.A.W) The time of Hazrat e Umar (R.A) is&nbsp; so brilliant that is like the a luminous Pillar.In your age, better relations were established with all the religions of the world specially with Christians without assignation. Principles were extracted from these relations ragarding affinity and coordinations with contemporay Non Muslims. Christianity has got a particular status in the religions of the world and at present seems to be the most conosolidated religion politically and economically. This is demographically the greatest religion of the world. It was of great importance in AHD E FAROOQI. The best standard to descern or judge someone's parity is that how the other religions are being treated in his rigime. In this contxt, if we go through the AHD E GFAROOQI, it has got no equals. The steps to that were taken to bond relations with the Christians in AHDE FAROOQIare so great the example of the same is not only difficult to find but impossible.In this article social relations with Christians have been described in the progressive background

New Record of Brachylaima sp. (Digenea: Brachylaimidae) from a Stray Dog in North Iran

Abstract Background: Stray dogs are considered potential reservoirs for zoonotic diseases. Previous helminthic surveys in Iran, have accounted for mainly species of nematodes and cestodes, and rarely digeneans. Methods: We accessed 42 car-crashed stray dogs from the Farah Abad Region in the Mazandaran Province (North Iran) between Oct 2012 and Dec 2013, to be inspected for parasites. Helminths were collected from the intestine and they were morphologically studied. Results: We found five adult digeneans from the family Brachylaimidae, identified as Brachylaima sp. Worms were assigned to the genus based on the shape of the body, the position of genital pore, cirrus sac and testes, and the extension of the vitellarium. Absence of additional information on the developmental stages of the parasite precluded its specific identification. As the geographic distribution of species of Brachylaima is restricted to the Mediterranean region, we raise the hypothesis that dogs may become infected with parasites through the consumption of helicid snails when searching for food on the street. Conclusion: This is the second report of a species of Brachylaima in Iran and the third digenean species from stray dogs in the area. We want to raise the attention of researchers to helminthic surveys in potential zoonotic reservoirs like stray dogs.