Clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: focus on anti-inflammatory properties

Aim. To evaluate clinical efficacy, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of clarithromycin in adults with severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP). Materials and methods. A prospective observational study recruited adult hospitalized patients with verified sCAP. Clarithromycin was prescribed as a component of combination antibiotic therapy (ABT) with a -lactam antibiotic (AB). The choice of -lactam AB was carried out by the attending physician in accordance with national clinical guidelines and routine practice of the medical institution. Along with assessment clinical efficacy, the dynamics of inflammatory markers in blood serum was recorded: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor , interleukins 1-beta (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The total duration of ABT was 714 days. Results. Altogether 20 patients (13 males, 7 females) aged from 18 to 84 years old were enrolled. As a result of the use of combined ABT with -lactam AB and clarithromycin, a significant decrease in the level of C-reactive protein was noted by the 35th day of therapy (from 74.6 to 14.1 mg/l). An increase in serum PCT was observed in half of the patients; during treatment, the level of PCT significantly decreased. Similar dynamics was detected for IL-6 its content in the blood serum decreased by the time of the end of ABT by 6.8 times compared with the baseline. A decrease in the level of tumor necrosis factor to the reference value was observed in most patients already in the early stages by 35 days of ABT. The majority of patients showed positive dynamics of clinical signs and symptoms with resolution of respiratory failure and other complications of sCAP. In almost half of the patients, the criteria for clinical stability were achieved in the early stages, which made it possible to switch to oral ABT. Conclusion. The results of the study are consistent with literature data indicating a rapid decrease in inflammatory markers when clarithromycin is administered to patients with sCAP. Its results can be a starting point for comparative randomized trials assessing both clinical outcomes and immunological parameters when using different classes of antibiotics for the treatment of sCAP

Optimisation of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) Galactoglucomannan Sulfation Process with Sulfamic Acid in DMSO

Изучено влияние температуры, продолжительности процесса сульфатирования галактоглюкоманнана древесины лиственницы и количества сульфатирующего комплекса на содержание серы (мас.%) в сульфатах галактоглюкоманнана при сульфатировании сульфаминовой кислотой в ДМСО в присутствии мочевины. Путем математической оптимизации по плану Бокса-Бенкена установлены условия сульфатирования, позволяющие достичь высокого содержания серы в сульфатах галактоглюкоманнана. Оптимальными условиями сульфатирования галактоглюкоманнана древесины лиственницы являются температура 89,5 °C, продолжительность 2,3 часа, количество сульфатирующего комплекса на 1 г галактоглюкоманнана 55,4 ммоль. Высокое качество аппроксимации доказано высоким значением R 2 adj = 92,9 %, а также значениями P<0,0019 (с допустимым диапазоном значений 0,05). Введение сульфатной группы в молекулу галактоглюкоманнана подтверждено методами ИК‑спектроскопии и элементного анализаThe influence of temperature, duration of the process of sulfation of larch wood galactoglucomannan, and the amount of the sulfating complex on the sulfur content (wt %) in galactoglucomannan sulfates during sulfation with sulfamic acid in DMSO in the presence of urea was studied. By mathematical optimization according to the Box-Behnken plan, sulfation conditions were established to achieve a high sulfur content in galactoglucomannan sulfates. The optimal conditions for sulfation of larch wood galactoglucomannan are temperature 89.5 °C, duration 2.3 hours, amount of sulfating complex per 1 g galactoglucomannan 55.4 mmol. The high quality of the approximation is proved by the high value of R 2adj = 92.9 %, as well as by the values P<0.0019 (with an allowable range of 0.05). The introduction of a sulfate group into the galactoglucomannan molecule was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysi

Influence of Electrode Material and Electrolyze Conditions on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Thiocyanates

Исследовано электрохимическое окисление тиоцианатов на PbO2- и Pt-электродах в области высоких анодных потенциалов. Показано, что эффективность окисления тиоцианат-иона зависит от условий электролиза (рН раствора, концентрации субстрата) и материала электрода. Предполагается участие активных форм кислорода в процессе электроокисления SCN− , наряду с его прямым окислением на аноде.The electrochemical oxidation of thicyanates on PbO2 and Pt electrodes under the high potential region has been investigated. It has been showed that the oxidation efficiency of thiocyanate-ion depends on electrolyze conditions ( pH of solution, the reagent concentration) and the electrode material. There is proposed the participation of active oxygen forms in the SCN− electrolytic oxidation besides his direct oxidation on the anode

Electrochemical Oxidation of Thiocyanates by Active Oxygen Intermediates on Lead Dioxide Electrode

Исследовано электрохимическое окисление тиоцианатов на PbO2-электроде в области потенциалов образования активных форм кислорода. Показано, что эффективность окисления тиоцианат-иона зависит от потенциала электрода. Наряду с потенциалом на селективность процесса оказывает влияние способ проведения электролиза и соотношение α- и β-фаз PbO2 в активном слое электрода. Предполагается изменение механизма окисления тиоцианат-иона с увеличением потенциала анода.The electrochemical oxidation of thicyanates on PbO2 electrode in the potential region of forming of active oxygen forms has been investigated. The results show that oxidation efficiency of thiocyanate-ion depends on electrode potential. Besides the potential, the selectivity process influenced by the method of electrolyze and the ratios α- и β- PbO2 in active layer of electrode. The change of SCN−oxidation mechanism with increase of anode potential is supposed

Influence of Electrode Material and Electrolyze Conditions on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Thiocyanates

Исследовано электрохимическое окисление тиоцианатов на PbO2- и Pt-электродах в области высоких анодных потенциалов. Показано, что эффективность окисления тиоцианат-иона зависит от условий электролиза (рН раствора, концентрации субстрата) и материала электрода. Предполагается участие активных форм кислорода в процессе электроокисления SCN− , наряду с его прямым окислением на аноде.The electrochemical oxidation of thicyanates on PbO2 and Pt electrodes under the high potential region has been investigated. It has been showed that the oxidation efficiency of thiocyanate-ion depends on electrolyze conditions ( pH of solution, the reagent concentration) and the electrode material. There is proposed the participation of active oxygen forms in the SCN− electrolytic oxidation besides his direct oxidation on the anode

Electrochemical Oxidation of Thiocyanates by Active Oxygen Intermediates on Lead Dioxide Electrode

Исследовано электрохимическое окисление тиоцианатов на PbO2-электроде в области потенциалов образования активных форм кислорода. Показано, что эффективность окисления тиоцианат-иона зависит от потенциала электрода. Наряду с потенциалом на селективность процесса оказывает влияние способ проведения электролиза и соотношение α- и β-фаз PbO2 в активном слое электрода. Предполагается изменение механизма окисления тиоцианат-иона с увеличением потенциала анода.The electrochemical oxidation of thicyanates on PbO2 electrode in the potential region of forming of active oxygen forms has been investigated. The results show that oxidation efficiency of thiocyanate-ion depends on electrode potential. Besides the potential, the selectivity process influenced by the method of electrolyze and the ratios α- и β- PbO2 in active layer of electrode. The change of SCN−oxidation mechanism with increase of anode potential is supposed

«Green» synthesis and characterization of galactomannan sulfates obtained using sulfamic acid

The “green” synthesis of galactomannan sulfates using a sulfamic acid–urea mixture has been studied for the first time. The effect of the time and temperature of the galactomannan sulfation process on the degree of substitution of galactomannan sulfates has been investigated. It is shown that, at a temperature of 70 °C with an increase in the process time up to 120 min, the degree of substitution increases up to 0.70. An increase in the process temperature up to 80 °C leads to the production of galactomannan sulfates with a degree of substitution of 1.67. With a further increase in the process temperature to 90 °C, the galactomannan structure is partially destructed, and the degree of substitution decreases. Embedding of the sulfate groups into the galactomannan structure has been confirmed by elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the initial and sulfated galactomannans have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The thermal analysis shows that the initial galactomannan exhibits endothermic peaks at 254 and 294 °C and an exothermic peak at 315 °C, while sulfated galactomannan exhibits endothermic peaks at 209 and 275 °C and an exothermic peak at 281 °C. Using atomic force microscopy, it has been shown that the sulfated galactomannan film consists of spherical particles with an average diameter of 200–300 nm; according to the phase contrast data, it has the uniform composition without extraneous impurities

Numerical Optimization of the Abies Ethanol Lignin Sulfation Process with Sulfamic Acid in 1,4-Dioxane Medium in the Presence of Urea

Расчетными методами найдены оптимальные условия процесса сульфатирования этаноллигнина пихты сульфаминовой кислотой в среде 1,4-диоксана в присутствии мочевины. Установлено влияние таких факторов, как отношения лигнин/сульфатирующий комплекс (Л/СК), температура и продолжительность процесса сульфатирования на содержание серы в сульфатированном этаноллигнине пихты и его выход. Дисперсионный анализ полученных математических моделей свидетельствует о их хороших прогностических свойствах. Установлены оптимальные условия сульфатирования этаноллигнина пихты, обеспечивающие получение водорастворимого сульфатированного лигнина с высоким выходом (до 100 % и содержанием серы (до 7,9 % мас.): температура 95-100 °С, соотношение Л/СК 1:2,3-1:2:9 и продолжительность процесса 119-137 мин.The process of abies ethanol lignin sulfation with sulfamic acid in 1,4-dioxane medium in the presence of urea was optimized by calculation methods. The influence of such factors, as the ratio of lignin/sulfating complex (L/SC), temperature and time of the sulfation process on the sulfur content in the resulting sulfated ethanol lignin and its yield, has been established. The variance analysis of the obtained mathematical models testifies their good predictive properties. The optimal conditions of abies ethanol lignin sulfation process, which provide the formation of water-soluble sulfated lignin with a high yield (to 100 % wt.) and sulfur content (up to 7.9 % wt.), have been established. They are: temperature of 95-100 °C, the ratio L/SC 1:2,3-1:2:9 and the time of the process 119-137 minute

Synthesis and Study of Copper-Containing Polymers Based on Sulfated Ethanol Lignin of Abies Wood

Впервые методом ионного обмена осуществлен синтез водорастворимых медьсодержащих сульфатов этаноллигнина пихты сибирской. Изучены их состав и строение методами элементного и химического анализа, атомной абсорбции, инфракрасной спектроскопии (ИКС), электронного парамагнитного резонанса (ЭПР). Отсутствие азота в полученном полимере свидетельствует о полном замещении катионов аммония в аммонийной соли сульфата этаноллигнина на катионы меди. В спектре ЭПР медьсодержащего сульфата этаноллигнина наблюдается суперпозиция двух сигналов. Один из них принадлежит изолированным ионам Cu2+, другой – обменносвязанным ионам Cu2+ в солеобразных соединениях. Интегральная интенсивность сигналов изолированных ионов Cu2+ (анизотропный сигнал) и обменносвязанных ионов (изотропный сигнал) зависит от содержания меди в полимереFor the first time water soluble copper-containing polymers based on sulfated ethanol lignin of abies wood were obtained by the method of ion exchange. Their composition and structure were studied with the use of elemental and chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy (IR), atomic absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The absence of nitrogen for copper cations in the resulting polymer indicates the complete substitution of ammonium cations in the ammonium salt of sulfated ethanol lignin. In EPR spectrum of copper-containing sulfated ethanol lignin there is a superposition of two signals. One of them belongs to isolated Cu2+ ions, the other to exchange-bound Cu2+ ions in salt-like compounds. The integral intensity of signal of isolated Cu2+ ions (anisotropic signal) and exchange-bound ions (isotropic signal) depends on the copper content in the polyme