Control methodologies of energy performance certificates. Data quality assessment in the Basque Country and learning from experience to make improvements

304 p.The EPBDs required Member States (MSs) to establish an independent control system for the EPC. The Basque Country has its own system. The Laboratory for the Quality Control in Buildings (LCCE- for its acronym in Spanish) of the Basque Government is one of the accredited bodies for performing the control activity. It is from the laboratory numerous EPCs checks have been carried out for this thesis.Despite initiatives to improve the quality of the EPCs, studies have shown that the inaccuracy of many of them is a fact. Without measures to enhance the EPCs quality, public distrust in European strategy could raise and the continuity of this could be at risk.In consequence, in order to get better quality results in EPC database, this thesis aims to contribute improving the Basque Country independent control system and making the control procedures implementation more effective. For that purpose, it is necessary to learn from previous experience, to know the effectiveness of the system and to observe where there is potential to improvement. Hence, a continuous and iterative methodology has been adopted in this thesis. After exposing the control performance of EPCs (Chapter 3), an exhaustive analysis of control results has been realized in order to obtain the feedback of the experience (Chapter 4, 5 and 6) and finally, some improvements proposalshave been exposed. At first, in Chapter 3, an overview of the control campaign in the 2014-2019 period has been presented. The control protocol stablished by LCCE, which is based on documentary review and on-site inspections,has been carried out in numerous EPCs and from them control results data have been collected in arepresentative 146 EPC sample.After that, an accurate analysis of collected data has been performed in three parts. In the first part(Chapter 4), the EPC sample quality is assessed, and a statistical analysis has made possible toextrapolate sample results to the Basque Country EPC database. The results obtained prove that not only in accuracy exists but also there is an increasing trend. Nevertheless, approximately as many EPCs presenta positive deviation as EPCs have a negative one. It suggests that at least half of EPCs were not madedeliberately by wrongdoing.In the second part (Chapter 5), an assessment of EPC subsamples data quality has been carried out. Bythis study, some guidance for the most effective EPC control selection criteria have been achieved. It isimpossible to control 100% of the EPCs, so it is necessary to have a selection criterion capable offiltering out the EPCs with most of the errors. The results suggest that the EPCs with the highest nrPEC(e.g. existing buildings or tertiary building) have the poorer quality. Moreover, it has been shown that theautomatic checks methodology could be an effective way to filtering EPCs with potential errors.The last part of the monitored EPC control analysis is focused on the qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research of non conformities (NCs) issued in non compliance reports. The analysis is carried out bycataloguing the type of NCs, exploring what underlies these NCs and what are the most appropriate and optimal ways to identify them. Several conclusions have been achieved, but two of them are worth mentioning. The NCs mainly occur given that qualified experts (QEs) fail in getting accurate data from project definition, from information exchange with project/construction management agents, etc as well as because EPCs are sometimes ill-defined. And the second main conclusion, is that there is not a single detection form which is able to detect the most part of the NC types. A combination of different checking procedures is needed to get an effective control methodology. Finally (Chapter 7), after the completion of the EPC control results analysis, this thesis has proposed various improvements for the system and verification procedures which are supported by conclusions of the previous chapter 4, 5 and 6. A preventive phase where the attachment of some documents will be required at the start of EPC registration in order to avoid some specific NCs is proposed. Besides, a new selection criterion is suggested based on a combination of a filtering by automatic checks and targeted criteria. At the end, organization of various steps in the verification protocol for controllers must be planned. Part of the last two measures consist of an automatic check-up program. Thus, validation rules for this aim have been determined. With the last chapter a continuous-iterative procedure is proposed. Never the less, it is necessary to make clear that a continuous improvement involves initiating again the procedure with the future control resultsand new regulations

Combination of Diagnostic Tools for the Proper Identification of Moisture Pathologies in Modern Residential Buildings

A study of moisture pathologies in a modern residential multifamily building is presented. The housing block was designed under the regulation NBE-CT of 1979 in northern Spain. After the appearance of some moisture problems in the façades, three complementary studies were conducted to analyze the situation of the envelope and diagnose the best improvement possibilities. First, indoor conditions of temperature and humidity of the apartments with moisture pathologies were monitored. During 40 winter days, the occupancy, heating operation, and natural ventilation were analyzed. Second, the inner and outer surface temperatures of the studied façades were measured. Thermal insulation degree, thermal capacity, and thermal bridge effects were measured to assess the risk of interstitial condensation under the real conditions of use. Third, an infrared thermographic survey was carried out, which allowed the detection of irregularities and the assessment of moisture problems. The wrong interpretations, which would have been made if the complementary studies had not been done, are exposed. The key towards the accurate diagnosis was the combination of tools. Finally, some technical solutions based on ventilation or thermal insulation enhancement are proposed as different ways to reduce the high levels of relative humidity indoors and minimize the risk of condensation in the futur

Caracterización térmica de fachadas activas mediante ensayo

El uso de fachadas activas en los edificios es una de las alternativas existentes hoy en día para tratar de lograr reducir el consumo energético de los edificios. El problema que se plantea con este tipo de elementos es que muchas veces el proyectista no dispone de información suficiente para poder conocer cómo se va a comportar esa fachada en su edificio, teniendo en cuenta las particularidades propias de la ubicación, clima, sombreamiento, etc. Una manera de subsanar esa carencia consiste en caracterizar térmicamente dichas soluciones. La dificultad de dicha tarea reside en que es necesario hacerlo en condiciones exteriores e independizar los resultados de las condiciones particulares existentes durante el ensayo. La metodología desarrollada por la red PASLINK cumple con esas condiciones y permite que las propiedades térmicas obtenidas puedan ser usadas en un programa de simulación para predecir el comportamiento térmico del cerramiento en diferentes condiciones. Otra ventaja de esta caracterización es que no solo permite conocer la eficiencia del sistema sino que además proporciona información para su mejora. En este trabajo se describen la celda de ensayo y las características principales de la metodología empleada para la caracterización térmica de dos sistemas de fachadas activas: un muro Trombe y una fachada fotovoltaica. Igualmente, se presentan algunos de los resultados obtenidos durante los ensayos