Does The Gender Of The Manager Affect Who He/She Networks With?

Based on a sample of 72 managers from Hong-Kong and1032 associates identified by these managers, the results show that female managers network with other females for expressive support but when seeking instrumental contents, they network with male associates.  We also found that females are less likely to approach female associates they have strong ties with but are more likely to approach similarly ranked colleagues.   They are also unlikely to approach higher ranked female colleagues to network on instrumental contents.  Taken together, these results imply that for female managers seeking instrumental support, they should focus on peer-relationships with other females as well as on male associates with whom they have strong ties with. From a stakeholder’s point view, more attention should be paid to designing and implementing social policies and integrating a gender perspective into all public policies. This calls for setting up an integrated network of structure, mechanism and processes designed to arouse more gender-awareness, increase the number of women in decision-making role, facilitate the formulate of gender-sensitive policies and programs. Long-term strategies should be developed to build up women through personal growth process, promote integration and equality in the workplace

Challenging Job Demands and Performance: The Role of Learning Orientation

Drawing on the job demand-control and job demand-resource models, this study examines the curvilinear relation between challenge job demand and performance outcomes (task and creative performance) as well as the moderating effect of employee learning orientation on such relationships. Data were obtained from 216 employees and 47 supervisors of service firms in China. Results showed that employee learning orientation moderates the inverted U-shaped relation between challenge job demand and task performance and creativity, such that the curvilinear effect is stronger for employees with high learning orientation, but no effect was observed with low learning orientation. Theoretical and practical implications are provided

Gender Differences In Job Attribute Preferences And Job Choice Of University Students In China

This study investigates the gender differences in job attribute preferences and job choice among a group of university students in China.  Due to the shortage of well-trained professionals and managers in China, both foreign and Chinese organizations compete for highly trained candidates.  Correlation and regression analysis on data from 1,231 university students in China were used to test three hypotheses. Similarities between how men and women view the importance of advancement, compensation, and learning and overseas opportunities, in employment by foreign and national enterprises, were observed.  But, on issues of job security, firm size, and nationality of supervisor, gender differences were present.  Implications on employee recruitment for Chinese and foreign enterprises are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided

The Ethics Of Cyberveillance In A Global Context

Whether one calls it “cyberveillance,” “cybermonitoring,” “cybersnooping,” or “cyberspying,” one thing is clear, the computer activities of employees are increasingly being monitored by their companies. Some reports suggest that up to 17% of the Fortune 1,000 companies now utilize some form of computer monitoring software and the predictions are that this figure will jump to 80% very soon. Such software allows an employer to monitor virtually every message sent, website visited and key stroked. Given the global reach of many of these large firms, there are at least two major concerns that need to be addressed. First, what are the ethical implications of this practice? Given that 12% of all firms report that they do not notify their employees of their monitoring activities, are employees being treated fairly? And second, in what ways are local customs, mores and values in various parts of the world being violated or ignored? Like it or not, we are awash in what various popular writers have termed “cyberveillance,” “cybermonitoring,” “cybersnooping,” or “cyberspying.” Simply put, employees’ use of the Internet and email today are increasingly being monitored by their companies. What seems to be missing in this rush to monitor are the ethical implications of doing so, which are significantly exacerbated in multinational firms. In order to understand how such actions are likely to be seen from a variety of multinational perspectives, we first developed a case involving a multinational company contemplating cybermonitoring and then we queried a group of international scholars, asking them to first approach managers in their region for reactions to the case, and then to provide a summary and synthesis of as to how such actions would be received in their respective parts of the world. Finally, we conclude by presenting a reasoned analysis regarding the general ethical questions involved.Before you read this analysis, we invite you to first read the case below and think about your own reactions. This is a hypothetical case involving composite information from the popular press involving a multinational bank. The bank is trying to decide if it should purchase and utilize monitoring software

Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≥30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≥90 days, chronic dialysis for ≥90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie