Platelet derived growth factor B gene expression in the Xenopus laevis developing central nervous system

Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) belongs to the mitogen and growth factor family and like the other members it has many roles in cell differentiation, proliferation and migration during development, adult life and in pathological conditions. Among them it has been observed that aberrant PDGF signalling is frequently linked to glioma development and progression, and Pdgf-b over-expression in mouse neural progenitors leads to the formation of gliomas. Despite this evidence, the mechanisms underlying PDGF-B driven tumorigenesis and its role during brain development are not fully understood. In order to contribute to clarifying possible new roles of pdgf-b signalling, we present here the embryonic gene expression pattern of pdgf-b, so far unknown in early vertebrate development. By using Xenopus laevis as a model system we performed qRT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. Pdgf-b mRNA is expressed in discrete regions of the developing central nervous system, in the cranial nerve placodes and in the notochord. We also compared the gene expression of pdgf-b with that of its receptor pdgfr-a suggesting so far unsuspected roles for this signalling pathway during the development of specific embryonic structures

glioblastoma models driven by different mutations converge to the proneural subtype

Abstract The need of reliable syngeneic animal models for gliomas has been addressed in the last decades by reproducing genetic alterations typical of human glioblastoma in the mouse. Since different alterations underlie different molecular glioblastoma subtypes it is commonly expected that tumors induced by specific alterations represent models of the corresponding subtypes. We tested this assumption by a multilevel analysis ranging from a detailed histopathological analysis to a genome-wide expression profiling by microarray and RNA-seq on gliomas induced by two distinct molecular alterations: the overstimulation of the PDGF- and the EGF- pathways. These alterations are landmarks of proneural and classical glioblastoma subtypes respectively. However, our results consistently showed a strong similarity between the two glioma models. The expression profiles of both models converged toward a signature typical of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, regardless the wide differentiative potential of the cell of origin. A classification based on similarity with human gliomas profiles revealed that both models belong to the proneural subtype. Our results highlight that reproducing a molecular alteration specific of a glioblastoma subtype not necessarily generates a tumor model recapitulating such subtype

A eutherian-specific microRNA controls the translation of Satb2 in a model of cortical differentiation

Cerebral cortical development is controlled by key transcription factors that specify the neuronal identities in the different layers. The mechanisms controlling their expression in distinct cells are only partially known. We investigated the expression and stability of Tbr1, Bcl11b, Fezf2, Satb2, and Cux1 mRNAs in single developing mouse cortical cells. We observe that Satb2 mRNA appears much earlier than its protein and in a set of cells broader than expected, suggesting an initial inhibition of its translation, subsequently released during development. Mechanistically, Satb2 30UTR modulates protein translation of GFP reporters during mouse corticogenesis. We select miR541, a eutherian-specific miRNA, and miR-92a/b as the best candidates responsible for SATB2 inhibition, being strongly expressed in early and reduced in late progenitor cells. Their inactivation triggers robust and premature SATB2 translation in both mouse and human cortical cells. Our findings indicate RNA interference as a major mechanism in timing cortical cell identities

An Eutherian-Specific microRNA Controls the Translation of Satb2 in a Model of Cortical Differentiation

Cerebral cortical development is controlled by key transcription factors that specify the neuronal identities in the different cortical layers. These transcription factors are crucial for the identity of the different neurons, but the mechanisms controlling their expression in distinct cells are only partially known. Here we investigate the expression and stability of the mRNAs of Tbr1, Bcl11b, Fezf2, Satb2 and Cux1 in single developing mouse cortical cells. We focus on Satb2 and find that its mRNA expression occurs much earlier than its protein synthesis and in a set of cells broader than expected, suggesting an initially tight control of its translation, which is subsequently de-repressed at late developmental stages. Mechanistically, Satb2 3\u2019UTR modulates protein translation of GFP reporters during mouse corticogenesis. By in vitro pull-down of Satb2 3\u2019UTR-associated miRNAs, we select putative miRNAs responsible for SATB2 inhibition, focusing on those strongly expressed in early progenitor cells and reduced in late cells. miR-541, an Eutherian-specific miRNA, and miR-92a/b are the best candidates and their inactivation triggers robust and premature SATB2 translation in both mouse and human cortical cells. Our findings indicate that RNA interference plays a major role in the timing of cortical cell identity and may be part of the toolkit involved in specifying supra-granular projection neurons

PDGF-B-driven gliomagenesis can occur in the absence of the proteoglycan NG2

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the last years, the transmembrane proteoglycan NG2 has gained interest as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diverse tumor types, including gliomas, because increases of its expression correlate with dismal prognosis. NG2 has been shown to function as a co-receptor for PDGF ligands whose aberrant expression is common in gliomas. We have recently generated a glioma model based on the overexpression of PDGF-B in neural progenitors and here we investigated the possible relevance of NG2 during PDGF-driven gliomagenesis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The survival curves of NG2-KO mice overexpressing PDGF-B were compared to controls by using a Log-rank test. The characteristics of tumors induced in NG2-KO were compared to those of tumors induced in wild type mice by immunostaining for different cell lineage markers and by transplantation assays in adult mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We showed that the lack of NG2 does not appreciably affect any of the characterized steps of PDGF-driven brain tumorigenesis, such as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) induction, the recruitment of bystander OPCs and the progression to full malignancy, which take place as in wild type animals.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our analysis, using both NG2-KO mice and a miRNA based silencing approach, clearly demonstrates that NG2 is not required for PDGF-B to efficiently induce and maintain gliomas from neural progenitors. On the basis of the data obtained, we therefore suggest that the role of NG2 as a target molecule for glioma treatment should be carefully reconsidered.</p

Adenoma of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium: a rare intraocular tumor with unusual immunohistochemical findings

A case of adenoma of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium with smooth muscle differentiation is reported. This uncommon ocular tumor affected a 36-year-old woman, and had caused decreased visual acuity and a total cataract. Ultrasound biomicroscopy disclosed an associated persistent hyperplasic primary vitreous (PHPV). Sectoral cyclectomy with removal of the mass and intracapsular cataract extraction were performed. The tumor was diffusely positive for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, NSE, and S-100, focally for CD68 and Melan-A, and was negative for desmin, EMA, HMB-45, and CD99. Occasional cells reacted for cytokeratin. The proliferation index, as assessed by Ki-67, was below 10%. The overlying non-neoplastic ciliary epithelium was positive for vimentin, NSE, and S-100. Myofilaments are not totally unexpected in ciliary adenomas; however, such a diffuse and strong positivity for smooth muscle actin, as in the present case, has only been observed in one case before, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of these neoplasms

Uncommon cause of juvenile cataract: Adenoma of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium

Adenoma of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium developed in a 36-year-old woman, causing decreased visual acuity and a total cataract in the involved eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy disclosed associated persistent hyperplasic primary vitreous (PHPV). Sectoral cyclectomy with removal of the mass and intracapsular cataract extraction were performed, and the tumor was submitted for histological examination. Although ciliary adenomas arising in adults are considered to be acquired, the associated PHPV suggests a congenital origin in view of the tumor's possible interference in the normal replacement of the primary vitreous by the secondary vitreous

Histological findings in a failed corneal riboflavin-UVA collagen cross-linking performed for progressive keratoconus

Purpose: To report the histological and immunohistochemical findings in a cornea removed from a patient who had undergone collagen cross-linking (CXL) with riboflavin and ultraviolet-A for progressive keratoconus. CXL was performed following the Siena protocol. Two years post-CXL, a visual acuity impairment in the treated eye secondary to corneal stromal opacity had occurred, together with corneal thinning and flattening. Methods: The excised cornea was formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and examined microscopically. Deparaffinized 4-mu m sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome. Further tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation of CD34 and Ki-67 antigens. Results: Histologically, there was no scar tissue in the failed cornea. The biomicroscopic stromal opacity corresponded microscopically to an acellular area, devoid of keratocytes, and to compaction of the lamellar collagen. Amorphous, weakly eosinophilic interlamellar deposits, extending from the anterior to the posterior two thirds of the stroma, were noted. Conclusions: CXL is a promising procedure for the treatment of progressive keratoconus with minimal reported side effects. In the present case, we speculate that the short corneal soaking time (15 minutes according to the Siena protocol) may have resulted in inefficient ultraviolet-A blocking, thermal injury, and deeper keratocyte death. Inadequate keratocyte stem cells reservoir could also play a role in individual cases