Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Learning and Performance of Top 100 Medium Enterprises in Kenya

This study was grounded on the view that organizations have hidden reservoirs of knowledge in terms of tacit and explicit knowledge, which can be tapped to improve performance. This is according to the postulations of the knowledge and resource based theories. Whereas there is evidence of the direct influence of knowledge sharing and performance, this study advanced a proposition that organizational learning has effect on such influence. Using a structured questionnaire, data on the variables were obtained from a cross-section of 65 medium-sized companies to empirically test the proposition. The companies were among 100 medium sized companies categorized as top performing medium-sized companies in Kenya by KPMG and Nation Media Group in the year 2013. The study established that knowledge sharing had a positive and statistically significant effect on organizational performance. Conversely andcontrary to expectation, the study established that organizational learning had neither direct nor mediating effect on organizational performance. In spite of this finding, the study supports the anchoring theories that performance differences across firms can be attributed to thevariance in firms’ resources and capabilities. Policy makers can utilize the findings of this study to formulate sound support strategies for medium enterprises. Further, areas of inquiry have been put forth based on the limitations inherent in the study.Key Words: Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Learning, Firm Performance, Medium- Sized Enterprise

Transcriptional dynamics during cell wall removal and regeneration reveals key genes involved in cell wall development in rice

Efficient and cost-effective conversion of plant biomass to usable forms of energy requires a thorough understanding of cell wall biosynthesis, modification and degradation. To elucidate these processes, we assessed the expression dynamics during enzymatic removal and regeneration of rice cell walls in suspension cells over time. In total, 928 genes exhibited significant up-regulation during cell wall removal, whereas, 79 genes were up-regulated during cell wall regeneration. Both gene sets are enriched for kinases, transcription factors and genes predicted to be involved in cell wall-related functions. Integration of the gene expression datasets with a catalog of known and/or predicted biochemical pathways from rice, revealed metabolic and hormonal pathways involved in cell wall degradation and regeneration. Rice lines carrying Tos17 mutations in genes up-regulated during cell wall removal exhibit dwarf phenotypes. Many of the genes up-regulated during cell wall development are also up-regulated in response to infection and environmental perturbations indicating a coordinated response to diverse types of stress

Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings

Considerable interest has been shown in the ability of caloric restriction (CR) to improve multiple parameters of health and to extend lifespan. CR is the reduction of caloric intake - typically by 20 - 40% of ad libitum consumption - while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. Several alternatives to CR exist. CR combined with exercise (CE) consists of both decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) consists of two interchanging days; one day, subjects may consume food ad libitum (sometimes equaling twice the normal intake); on the other day, food is reduced or withheld altogether. Dietary restriction (DR) - restriction of one or more components of intake (typically macronutrients) with minimal to no reduction in total caloric intake - is another alternative to CR. Many religions incorporate one or more forms of food restriction. The following religious fasting periods are featured in this review: 1) Islamic Ramadan; 2) the three principal fasting periods of Greek Orthodox Christianity (Nativity, Lent, and the Assumption); and 3) the Biblical-based Daniel Fast. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge related to CR and DR. A specific section is provided that illustrates related work pertaining to religious forms of food restriction. Where available, studies involving both humans and animals are presented. The review includes suggestions for future research pertaining to the topics of discussion

The Conflict of Languages of Power and Languages of Identity: Issues of Regionalism, Nationalism, and Globalism

A study by Prof. Fredrick Kangethe Iraki, a Lecturer at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at USIU - Africa.This study investigates, through careful consideration of three case studies Tajikistan, Kenya, and Ukraine the conflict that exists between languages that construct power and those that construct identity. It looks first at the linguistic history of each region and discusses how history has shaped the current linguistic landscape. It then moves on to examine how power and identity are manifested and maintained through language, and finally evaluates the effect of the conflict of languages on social and economic development. It concludes that the existence of a language of power excludes groups that determine their identities through another language from engaging in opportunities for advancement

Conservation and Promotion of Indigenous Plants and Trees

The research team set out on 8 August 2007 to visit Mr. Samson Mathiu’s farm at Ntharu, Nkueni division, Mikumbune location, South Imenti, Meru district. Samson is an active environmentalist and expert on indigenous plants. He had been identified as a potential resource during the Memorialization & Museums Workshop facilitated by Prof Karega-Munene and held at USIU in May 2007. As part of its outreach and collaboration strategy, the SDIC team conducted an extensive two-day research in the area with the assistance of Samson and his friend Francis Kirimi Inoti. A great deal of notes were made and photographs taken on African indigenous trees and crops. The team returned to USIU on 10 August 2007. Of great interest to the research team was the evidence of the transit situation that exist in our rural areas moving from indigenous to current lifestyles within three generations in the region. According to Ibui (2007), the former were acquired over several generations and allowed the locals to use, manage and conserve wild resources in a sustainable mode. In the teams’ observation, society’s emphasis on a monetary system has seen a shift in plant value systems

Some essential features in developing a Text To Speech System in Kiswahili

This paper discusses the important aspects to be considered when developing A Text To Speech System (TTS) in Kiswahili. These include linguistic features such as the phoneset, stresses and intonation. The choice of the standard dialect is also discussed. TTS features such as the text normalisation and the lexicon for Kiswahili are discussed

The expression and recognition of emotions in the voice across five nations: a lens model analysis based on acoustic features

This study extends previous work on emotion communication across cultures with a large-scale investigation of the physical expression cues in vocal tone. In doing so, it provides the first direct test of a key proposition of dialect theory, namely that greater accuracy of detecting emotions from one's own cultural group-known as in-group advantage-results from a match between culturally specific schemas in emotional expression style and culturally specific schemas in emotion recognition. Study 1 used stimuli from 100 professional actors from five English-speaking nations vocally conveying 11 emotional states (anger, contempt, fear, happiness, interest, lust, neutral, pride, relief, sadness, and shame) using standardcontent sentences. Detailed acoustic analyses showed many similarities across groups, and yet also systematic group differences. This provides evidence for cultural accents in expressive style at the level of acoustic cues. In Study 2, listeners evaluated these expressions in a 5 × 5 design balanced across groups. Cross-cultural accuracy was greater than expected by chance. However, there was also in-group advantage, which varied across emotions. A lens model analysis of fundamental acoustic properties examined patterns in emotional expression and perception within and across groups. Acoustic cues were used relatively similarly across groups both to produce and judge emotions, and yet there were also subtle cultural differences. Speakers appear to have a culturally nuanced schema for enacting vocal tones via acoustic cues, and perceivers have a culturally nuanced schema in judging them. Consistent with dialect theory's prediction, in-group judgments showed a greater match between these schemas used for emotional expression and perception

Cross-cultural decoding of positive and negative non-linguistic emotion vocalizations

Which emotions are associated with universally recognized non-verbal signals?We address this issue by examining howreliably non-linguistic vocalizations (affect bursts) can convey emotions across cultures. Actors from India, Kenya, Singapore, and USA were instructed to produce vocalizations that would convey nine positive and nine negative emotions to listeners. The vocalizations were judged by Swedish listeners using a within-valence forced-choice procedure, where positive and negative emotions were judged in separate experiments. Results showed that listeners could recognize a wide range of positive and negative emotions with accuracy above chance. For positive emotions, we observed the highest recognition rates for relief, followed by lust, interest, serenity and positive surprise, with affection and pride receiving the lowest recognition rates. Anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and negative surprise received the highest recognition rates for negative emotions, with the lowest rates observed for guilt and shame. By way of summary, results showed that the voice can reveal both basic emotions and several positive emotions other than happiness across cultures, but self-conscious emotions such as guilt, pride, and shame seem not to be well recognized from non-linguistic vocalizations