Impact of Inflation and Interest Rate on Economic Growth in Pakistan

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of major economic variables includes inflation rate and interest rate on economic growth of Pakistan. The secondary data has been taken for the years from 2008 to 2017. The results from linear regression model describe that inflation rate spread negative impact on Pakistan’s economic growth while interest rate is found positively significant on the economy. Therefore, all the variables that have been selected show less impact on economic growth of the country as compared to other factors that put a solid impact on Pakistan’s economic conditions. The type of influence of these variables of the economy varies from country to country such as developed economies and developing economies. The developing economies like Pakistan suffering from different problems such as energy & water shortages, political instability, lack of policy implication, continuous increase in inflation, security concerns, burden of foreign debt, and misbalance between import and export payments etc

ASSESSMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AMONG THE WORKERS OF CEMENT FACTORY

Background: Even in the twenty-first century, millions of people are working daily in a dusty environment. They are exposed to different types of health hazards i.e. fume, gases and dust, which are risk factors in developing occupational disease. Cement industry is involved in the development of structure of this advanced and modern world but generates dust during its production. Cement dust causes lung function impairment, chronic obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung disease, pneumoconiosis and carcinoma of the lungs, stomach and colon. Objective: To assess the respiratory symptoms among the workers of cement factory. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in Cement factory. Data and peak expiratory rate was collected from 100 factory workers regarding their respiratory symptoms. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 18. Conclusion: Total cement dust exposure was related to acute respiratory symptoms and acute ventilatory effects. Implementing measures to control dust and providing adequate personal respiratory protective equipment for the Production workers are highly recommended Keywords: Portland cement dust, exposure, Lung function impairmen

Relation of Striae Gravidarum with Cesarean Scar and Peritoneal Adhesions

Objective: to find out the relation between striae gravidarum and, cesarean scar and peritoneal adhesions. Study Design: Cross sectional Study. Place and Study Duration: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, DG Khan Teaching Hospital Multan, from January 2018 to June 2018. Material and methods: A total number of 150 patients presenting to the department of gynecology and obstetrics for cesarean section were included in the study. Severity of striae gravidarum was assessed using Davey scoring system. Modified Blauer classification was used to define the intraperitoneal adhesions in five categories. Three groups were designed group 1, 2 and 3. In group 1 those women were involved that had no striae gravidarum, in group 2 were those women who had mild to moderate number of striae gravidarum and in group 3 women with severe amount of striae gravidarum were included. Students T test and Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the two groups. Frequency and percentages were calculated for categorical variables and mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuous variables. P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Grade 2-4 intraperitoneal adhesions, keloids and pigmentations were more in Group 2 and Group 3 but no statistically significant difference was present (p-value 0.517, 0.427 and 0.372, respectively). The appearance of scar was also not different among the three groups (p=0.541). Scar length was more in Group-3 (p=0.289) but the width was more in Group-1 (p=0.248) with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The results of this study show that striae gravidarum was associated with scar characteristics but no correlation between striae gravidarum and intraperitoneal adhesions could be observed as such. Keywords: Striae Gravidarum, Cesarean Section, Abdominal Adhesion

Investigating English Speaking Problems of Lawyers in Court Proceedings

Lawyers of Pakistan are facing numerous challenges while performing at their workplaces. One of the major challenges is proficiency in English language which plays the key role in getting justice. The aim of this paper is to investigate the English-speaking problems faced by the lawyers in court proceedings of Hyderabad, Sindh. For this purpose, qualitative methodology has been used in which Semi-structured interviews were conducted from (n = 5) lawyers. Convenient sampling was used to select the participants based on their convenience. Thematic analysis was done for analyzation of the data. Findings of the data revealed that lawyers were facing numerous English-speaking problems such as grammatical mistakes, vocabulary error, inappropriate use of sentences and so on. Keywords: English-speaking, Lawyers, Court Proceedings, Problems. DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/83-02 Publication date: November 30th 202

Response surface optimization of gamma radiation-induced variation in functional quality of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome flour at various particle sizes

The cumulative effect of particle size (PS), gamma radiation dose (GRD), and suspension period (SP) on the functional quality of N. nucifera rhizome flour was optimized. A tri-factorial central composite design was constructed at five levels of each of PS, GRD, and SP. The N. nucifera rhizome flour at the selected particle sizes (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μm) was subjected to gamma irradiation at the selected levels of GRD (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kGy) followed by the analysis of its functional properties at different levels of SP (6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 h). The response-surface analysis showed a statistically significant linear positive effect of PS on the water absorption capacity (WAC) and swelling capacity (SC) and a linear negative effect on protein solubility index (PSI) ( p=0.000-0.028). The GRD showed a significant linear positive effect on oil absorption capacity (OAC) and PSI while a linear negative effect on WAC and SC (p=0.000-0.008). The PS and GRD showed significant quadratic negative effects on WAC, OAC, and SC. However, the SP showed no significant linear effect on the studied functional properties of the flou

Dengue Fever: A General Perspective

Dengue Fever or commonly known as Dengue, a mosquito-borne arboviral infection has emerged as havoc around the globe. Annually, about 50 million infections are reported, resulting in 22,000 deaths and almost 2.5 billion people are reported living at risk. Dengue infection is caused by Dengue Virus (DENV), which is a member of genus Flavivirus and comprised of ten proteins; three proteins, capsid (C), membrane (M), and envelope (E), play structural role and seven are identified as non-structural that direct DENV replication. Four distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 are transmitted via Aedes mosquitoes. Clinically, Dengue patients can be categorized into three groups according to WHO 2009 revised classification. Typical symptoms of dengue include: extreme fatigue; sudden fever (from 3-7 days), headache, joint, muscle, and back pain; vomiting and diarrhea, appetite loss; skin rash along minor bleeding. Aedes aegypti is geographically distributed in tropical areas and breeds in artificially filled water containers i.e. drums, tyres, flower vases plastic food containers, tin cans, etc. Due to four viral serotypes and non-availability of the model animal for dengue, producing vaccines is a challenging task. Thus, Dengue can be managed using various vector control strategies through physical, chemical and biological means

Exploring Language Attitudes of Undergraduate English Language Learners towards Sindhi (L1) and English (L2)

The aim of this paper was to investigate the language attitudes of undergraduate English language learners (ELLs) towards Sindhi (their mother tongue) and English language which were affected through dominant discourse of language policy. The participants for the current study were selected from the Institute of English language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The study used semi structured interviews in order to collect the in-depth data about language attitudes of students towards Sindhi and English language. The researcher used purposive sampling, total number of the participants considered in the study were (n=10). Thematic analysis was used for analysisng the data of the study. The findings of the study revealed that undergraduate English language learners (ELLs) have more positive attitudes towards English language than Sindhi language (their mother tongue). The participants perceived that their personalities are grooming. They are being encouraged and considered educated when they speak English language. On the other hand talking about language attitudes towards Sindhi language participants shared that they don’t feel any change in their personalities. They are discouraged to speak Sindhi language and considered as less hard working and less intelligent when they speak Sindhi language. Keywords: Language attitude, English language learners, Sindhi, English, language policy. DOI: 10.7176/JLLL/95-03 Publication date: January 31st 202