4-Ethyl-3-(3-pyrid­yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione 0.095-hydrate

The title compound, C9H10N4S·0.095H2O, consists of discrete 4-ethyl-3-(3-pyrid­yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione mol­ecules and a disordered mol­ecule of water of hydration with partial occupancy, lying on a twofold rotation axis. The dihedral angle between the pyridine and triazole rings is 41.73 (8)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are hydrogen bonded via triazole NH groups and pyridyl N atoms, forming chains parallel to the a axis

Integrated Hazard Identification (IHI): A Quick Accident Analysis and Quantification Method for Practitioners

There are many techniques for hazard identification and are divided into shortcut, standard and advanced techniques. Among these, HAZOP and What-If techniques are mostly engaged by practitioners in the chemical process industry. Both of these have certain advantages and limitations, i.e., HAZOP is structured, and what-if covers broad range of scenarios. There is no hazard identification method, which can cover a broad range of scenarios and is structured in nature. For this purpose, a new technique namely integrated hazard identification (IHI) is proposed in this article that integrates HAZOP and What-If. The methodology is demonstrated via hazard identification study of urea synthesis section. Risk ranking is used to sort out the worst-case scenario. This worst-case scenario is further studied in detail for quantification that is performed using the ALOHA software. This quantification has assisted to detect ammonia concentrations in nearby control room and surroundings for worst-case scenario. It is revealed that if ammonia pump is not stopped within 10 minutes, concentration inside and outside the control room may reach to 384 ppm and 2630 ppm, compared to 1100 ppm (AEGL-3). Thus the proposed method would be easy, time saving and covers more details and would be handy for practicing engineers working in different chemical process industries

Food security in South Asia: strategies and programmes for regional collaboration

The study examines movements over time in key factors influencing food security in South Asia. Country level and regional level food security indices (FSI) were constructed to track progress in achieving food security keeping in view its availability, stability, access, and nutritional status dimensions. The results show that despite an overall increase in food production in SAARC countries, there has been no significant improvement in food security in the region. The lack of progress in improving food security and reducing hunger and malnutrition in some countries shows that their economic structure in terms of asset and income distribution; low investment in health, education, and agricultural R&D; and slow progress in HDI and gender disparities may be key factors. The study stresses upon the need for regional collaboration for ensuring food security and early solutions of issues that hurdle the initiation or limit the benefits of collaborated programmes

Impact of Money Supply and Exchange Rate on Agricultural Prices in Pakistan

This study analyzed the impact of the long-run neutrality of money supply and exchange rate on Pakistan's agricultural prices using data from 1975 to 2019. Engle and Granger and Johansen and Jusileius techniques were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the exchange rate's neutrality does not hold in the long-run. Simultaneously, the money supply coefficient was found to be insignificant in the long-run, emphasizing money's neutrality. The study concluded that monetary authorities can control the exchange rate by designing and implementing appropriate policies to overcome the overshoot problem of agricultural prices in Pakistan

Food security in South Asia: strategies and programmes for regional collaboration

The study examines movements over time in key factors influencing food security in South Asia. Country level and regional level food security indices (FSI) were constructed to track progress in achieving food security keeping in view its availability, stability, access, and nutritional status dimensions. The results show that despite an overall increase in food production in SAARC countries, there has been no significant improvement in food security in the region. The lack of progress in improving food security and reducing hunger and malnutrition in some countries shows that their economic structure in terms of asset and income distribution; low investment in health, education, and agricultural R&D; and slow progress in HDI and gender disparities may be key factors. The study stresses upon the need for regional collaboration for ensuring food security and early solutions of issues that hurdle the initiation or limit the benefits of collaborated programmes

To study the procurement process and develop a conceptual framework model in the Pakistani construction industry

Procurement of equipment and materials in any construction project holds a tremendous significance for the project to be completed on time and within the budget. In this research, procurement in the Pakistan’s construction industry has been studied and a conceptual framework in terms of e-procurement portal has been suggested to smoothly execute the process of e-procurement by mitigating the barriers involved in the concerned process. A questionnaire survey form has been developed and 100 responses have been recorded to take the input from industry experts on the proposed procurement framework. A total of 84 respondents out of 100 thought that the proposed framework will be a better way to solve the problems that come up during the procurement process. Furthermore, it was also found that the main reason for procurement delays in construction projects is lack of communication and coordination among different departments within an organization, to which the suggested framework can be used as a potential tool to deal with

Detection of aflatoxins and zearalenone contamination in wheat derived products

In present study the natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEN) has determined in 147 samples of wheat derived products i.e. spaghetti (25), noodles (34), macaroni (29), lasagne (37), and bucatini (22), collected from major districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The mean of AFs was found 9.12 in spaghetti, 7.35 in noodles, 5.91 in macaroni, 8.39 in lasagne, and 9.61 μg/kg in bucatini and 28, 18, 17, 22 and 27% of samples were found above the European Union's legal limit (i.e. 4 μg/kg) for total AFs, respectively. However, mean value of ZEN was found 7.36 in spaghetti, 6.80 in noodles, 4.98 in macaroni, 6.90 in lasagne, and 8.89 μg/kg in bucatini samples and 16, 15, 21, 19 and 36% of samples were found to be above the recommended limit. The study urged the need to focus more comprehensive survey for these toxins in wheat derived products from Punjab, Pakistan

Advances in Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)-Based Mixed-Matrix Membranes for CO2 Capture

Membrane technology promises a highly economical and efficient solution for CO2 separation. Many polymeric membranes have been reported in the past for the separation of gases specially to remove CO2 from natural gas and low-pressure flue-gas streams. The performance of membranes can be tailored by dispersing nanofillers in a polymeric matrix to produce mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs). This not only adds mechanical strength to membranes but also reduces compaction of the polymeric layer at high pressure and maintains high performance. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) gained attention in gas separation technology and due to their tubular structure have been used in a variety of applications in biomedical, coating, composite, and electronic industries. However, very little but conclusive literature and reviews are available to indicate that functionalized and non-functionalized HNTs can improve the performance of MMMs for efficient CO2 capture. The current status and gaps for potential applications of HNTs-based membranes for gas separation are identified and reviewed

Synthesis of antibacterial isocoumarins: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3-alkylisocoumarins and (dl)-3-alkyl-3,4-dihydroisocoumarins

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