Polymorphism and danger susceptibility of system call DASTONs

We have proposed a metaphor “DAnger Susceptible daTa codON� (DASTON) in data subject to processing by Danger Theory (DT) based Artificial Immune System (DAIS). The DASTONs are data chunks or data point sets that actively take part to produce “danger�; here we abstract “danger� as required outcome. To have closer look to the metaphor, this paper furthers biological abstractions for DASTON. Susceptibility of DASTON is important parameter for generating dangerous outcome. In biology, susceptibility of a host to pathogenic activities (potentially dangerous activities) is related to polymorphism. Interestingly, results of experiments conducted for system call DASTONs are in close accordance to biological theory of polymorphism and susceptibility. This shows that computational data (system calls in this case) exhibit biological properties when processed with DT point of view

Un estudio observacional sobre infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus hospitalizados en un centro de tercer nivel de atención

Introduction: The latest global pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. 6% of patients are admitted to the hospital, with 20% of those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Aim: to characterise the bacterial infections in patients with coronavirus at an ICU of North Indian Hospital.Method: After receiving ethical approval from the institutional review board, a retrospective study was done on coronavirus subjects admitted to GMC Srinagar's ICUs between January and June 2021. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and microbiology were obtained retrospectively.Results: Overall, “394 COVID-19 patients were admitted to ICU. Median age was 58 years (IQR 51–69) and sex ratio (M/F) was 3. At admission the median SAPS II was 33 (IQR 24–49). Among patients, 232 had at least one co-morbidity and 162 were overweight (body mass index (BMI) = 27.8 kg/m2). In all, 358 patients received antibiotics (244/358 introduced before ICU and 114/358 during ICU stay)”.Conclusion: The current study is the first of its kind in our hospital setting to describe the bacterial persistence in the lungs despite adequate therapy, as well as frequent bloodstream infections possibly associated with bacterial translocations originating from the digestive or oropharyngeal microbiota, in COVID-19 ICU patients.Introducción: La última pandemia mundial está provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. El 6 % de los pacientes ingresan en el hospital, con un 20% de los ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) debido al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA).Objetivo: caracterizar las infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus en una UCI del North Indian Hospital.Método: Después de recibir la aprobación ética de la junta de revisión institucional, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en sujetos con coronavirus admitidos en las UCI de GMC Srinagar entre enero y junio de 2021. Los datos sobre demografía, comorbilidades y microbiología se obtuvieron retrospectivamente.Resultados: en general, “394 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron admitidos en la UCI. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIC 51-69) y la proporción de sexos (M/F) de 3. Al ingreso, la mediana de SAPS II fue de 33 (RIC 24-49). Entre los pacientes, 232 tenían al menos una comorbilidad y 162 tenían sobrepeso (índice de masa corporal (IMC) = 27,8 kg/m2). En total, 358 pacientes recibieron antibióticos (244/358 introducidos antes de la UCI y 114/358 durante la estancia en la UCI)”.Conclusión: El presente estudio es el primero de su tipo en nuestro medio hospitalario en describir la persistencia bacteriana en los pulmones a pesar de una terapia adecuada, así como infecciones frecuentes del torrente sanguíneo posiblemente asociadas con translocaciones bacterianas originadas en la microbiota digestiva u orofaríngea, en COVID-19 pacientes de la UCI

Un estudio observacional sobre infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus hospitalizados en un centro de tercer nivel de atención

Introduction: The latest global pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. 6% of patients are admitted to the hospital, with 20% of those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Aim: to characterise the bacterial infections in patients with coronavirus at an ICU of North Indian Hospital.Method: After receiving ethical approval from the institutional review board, a retrospective study was done on coronavirus subjects admitted to GMC Srinagar's ICUs between January and June 2021. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and microbiology were obtained retrospectively.Results: Overall, “394 COVID-19 patients were admitted to ICU. Median age was 58 years (IQR 51–69) and sex ratio (M/F) was 3. At admission the median SAPS II was 33 (IQR 24–49). Among patients, 232 had at least one co-morbidity and 162 were overweight (body mass index (BMI) = 27.8 kg/m2). In all, 358 patients received antibiotics (244/358 introduced before ICU and 114/358 during ICU stay)”.Conclusion: The current study is the first of its kind in our hospital setting to describe the bacterial persistence in the lungs despite adequate therapy, as well as frequent bloodstream infections possibly associated with bacterial translocations originating from the digestive or oropharyngeal microbiota, in COVID-19 ICU patients.Introducción: La última pandemia mundial está provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. El 6 % de los pacientes ingresan en el hospital, con un 20% de los ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) debido al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA).Objetivo: caracterizar las infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus en una UCI del North Indian Hospital.Método: Después de recibir la aprobación ética de la junta de revisión institucional, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en sujetos con coronavirus admitidos en las UCI de GMC Srinagar entre enero y junio de 2021. Los datos sobre demografía, comorbilidades y microbiología se obtuvieron retrospectivamente.Resultados: en general, “394 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron admitidos en la UCI. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIC 51-69) y la proporción de sexos (M/F) de 3. Al ingreso, la mediana de SAPS II fue de 33 (RIC 24-49). Entre los pacientes, 232 tenían al menos una comorbilidad y 162 tenían sobrepeso (índice de masa corporal (IMC) = 27,8 kg/m2). En total, 358 pacientes recibieron antibióticos (244/358 introducidos antes de la UCI y 114/358 durante la estancia en la UCI)”.Conclusión: El presente estudio es el primero de su tipo en nuestro medio hospitalario en describir la persistencia bacteriana en los pulmones a pesar de una terapia adecuada, así como infecciones frecuentes del torrente sanguíneo posiblemente asociadas con translocaciones bacterianas originadas en la microbiota digestiva u orofaríngea, en COVID-19 pacientes de la UCI

Un estudio observacional sobre infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus hospitalizados en un centro de tercer nivel de atención

Introduction: The latest global pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. 6% of patients are admitted to the hospital, with 20% of those admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Aim: to characterise the bacterial infections in patients with coronavirus at an ICU of North Indian Hospital.Method: After receiving ethical approval from the institutional review board, a retrospective study was done on coronavirus subjects admitted to GMC Srinagar's ICUs between January and June 2021. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and microbiology were obtained retrospectively.Results: Overall, “394 COVID-19 patients were admitted to ICU. Median age was 58 years (IQR 51–69) and sex ratio (M/F) was 3. At admission the median SAPS II was 33 (IQR 24–49). Among patients, 232 had at least one co-morbidity and 162 were overweight (body mass index (BMI) = 27.8 kg/m2). In all, 358 patients received antibiotics (244/358 introduced before ICU and 114/358 during ICU stay)”.Conclusion: The current study is the first of its kind in our hospital setting to describe the bacterial persistence in the lungs despite adequate therapy, as well as frequent bloodstream infections possibly associated with bacterial translocations originating from the digestive or oropharyngeal microbiota, in COVID-19 ICU patients.Introducción: La última pandemia mundial está provocada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. El 6 % de los pacientes ingresan en el hospital, con un 20% de los ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) debido al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA).Objetivo: caracterizar las infecciones bacterianas en pacientes con coronavirus en una UCI del North Indian Hospital.Método: Después de recibir la aprobación ética de la junta de revisión institucional, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en sujetos con coronavirus admitidos en las UCI de GMC Srinagar entre enero y junio de 2021. Los datos sobre demografía, comorbilidades y microbiología se obtuvieron retrospectivamente.Resultados: en general, “394 pacientes con COVID-19 fueron admitidos en la UCI. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años (RIC 51-69) y la proporción de sexos (M/F) de 3. Al ingreso, la mediana de SAPS II fue de 33 (RIC 24-49). Entre los pacientes, 232 tenían al menos una comorbilidad y 162 tenían sobrepeso (índice de masa corporal (IMC) = 27,8 kg/m2). En total, 358 pacientes recibieron antibióticos (244/358 introducidos antes de la UCI y 114/358 durante la estancia en la UCI)”.Conclusión: El presente estudio es el primero de su tipo en nuestro medio hospitalario en describir la persistencia bacteriana en los pulmones a pesar de una terapia adecuada, así como infecciones frecuentes del torrente sanguíneo posiblemente asociadas con translocaciones bacterianas originadas en la microbiota digestiva u orofaríngea, en COVID-19 pacientes de la UCI

Economic effects of the external debt crisis for Pakistan

Pakistan experienced an external debt crisis in 1998. There is robust evidence of the significant positive effects of the growth rate of real long-term external debt and negative effects of the growth rate of total debt servicing as a percentage of exports on real GDP growth in short and long-run

Identification of Missense Mutation (I12T) in the BSND Gene and Bioinformatics Analysis

Nonsyndromic hearing loss is a paradigm of genetic heterogeneity with 85 loci and 39 nuclear disease genes reported so far. Mutations of BSND have been shown to cause Bartter syndrome type IV, characterized by significant renal abnormalities and deafness and nonsyndromic nearing loss. We studied a Pakistani consanguineous family. Clinical examinations of affected individuals did not reveal the presence of any associated signs, which are hallmarks of the Bartter syndrome type IV. Linkage analysis identified an area of 18.36 Mb shared by all affected individuals between markers D1S2706 and D1S1596. A maximum two-point LOD score of 2.55 with markers D1S2700 and multipoint LOD score of 3.42 with marker D1S1661 were obtained. BSND mutation, that is, p.I12T, cosegregated in all extant members of our pedigree. BSND mutations can cause nonsyndromic hearing loss, and it is a second report for this mutation. The respected protein, that is, BSND, was first modeled, and then, the identified mutation was further analyzed by using different bioinformatics tools; finally, this protein and its mutant was docked with CLCNKB and REN, interactions of BSND, respectively

STUDY TO KNOW INCIDENCE OF DRUG INDUCED HEPATITIS IN PATIENTS USING ANTI- TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS AND REVEALING ITS RISK FACTORS

Objective: To identify risk factors for anti-tuberculous drugs influence hepatitis (ATDH) among tuberculosis patients. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration: In the Jinnah Hospital, Lahore in Gastroenterology and Pulmonology department for three years period from January 2016 to December 2018 after the approval from the ethical committee of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore Methodology: The medical records of tuberculosis 3056 cases were reported for three years was collected and data analyzed for ATDH done. TB inclusion criteria identified based on the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) has been documented. ATDH and Non-ATDH data were analyzed in the SPSS version 17 and full fisheries and chi-square tests. Results: 198 cases were diagnosed as ATDH which include 66 (33.01%) women and 134 (66.99%) males, 43.2 years was the mean age, SD 9.5 treatment and ATDH as follow up period were selected for the study. ATDH in patients was found to be significant statistically (p = 0.0001, OR: 13.92) (OR: 7.6, p = 0.0002) and (OR: 11.3, p = 0.0001) was the difference between intravenous injection ATDH and HIV infection. Conclusion: ATDH had the highest prevalence among patients suffering from HCV infection, HIV and IVDU infection. Key words: Tuberculosis, drug-induced hepatitis, national tuberculosis program