8 research outputs found
Metabolic effects of Crocus sativus and protective action against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic rats
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the result of the
accumulation of adipose tissue deposits in the liver and it is
associated with type 2 diabetes. Crocus sativus (saffron) is known for
its antioxidant and its potential hypoglycemic effects. We investigated
the role of saffron on NAFLD in diabetic rats. Thirty adult male rats
were allocated into three groups; control (n=10), which received normal
diet; streptozotocin (STZ) group (n=10), which received normal chow
diet, 10% fructose in their drinking water and STZ (40 mg/kg body
weight; STZ-saffron group (n=10), which followed the same dietary and
pharmacological pattern as STZ group and were additionally supplemented
with saffron (100 mg/kg/day). Metabolic profile was measured and
histopathological examination of the liver was evaluated. STZ group
exhibited the highest glucose levels at the end of the experiment
(P<0.05), while there was no difference between control and STZ-saffron
group (584 vs. 213 mg/dl vs. 209 mg/dl, respectively). STZ group
revealed higher percentage of steatosis (5-33%) when compared to the
other two groups (P<0.005). Saffron exhibits both hypoglycemic and
hepatoprotective actions. Yet, further studies enlightening the exact
mechanisms of saffron’s mode of actions are required
Regulation of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor in Skeletal Muscle Is Dependent Upon the Type of Inflammatory Stimulus
The cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) binds to its receptor (G-CSFR) to stimulate hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, myelopoiesis, and the production and activation of neutrophils. In response to exercise-induced muscle damage, G-CSF is increased in circulation and G-CSFR has recently been identified in skeletal muscle cells. While G-CSF/G-CSFR activation mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, our understanding of the role and regulation in the muscle is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the role and regulation of G-CSF and G-CSFR in skeletal muscle under conditions of muscle inflammation and damage. First, C2C12 myotubes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with and without G-CSF to determine if G-CSF modulates the inflammatory response. Second, the regulation of G-CSF and its receptor was measured following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and the expression levels we investigated for redox sensitivity by administering the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). LPS stimulation of C2C12 myotubes resulted in increases in G-CSF, interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) messenger RNA (mRNA) and an increase in G-CSF, IL-6, and MCP-1 release from C2C12 myotubes. The addition of G-CSF following LPS stimulation of C2C12 myotubes increased IL-6 mRNA and cytokine release into the media, however it did not affect MCP-1 or TNF alpha. Following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in humans, G-CSF levels were either marginally increased in circulation or remain unaltered in skeletal muscle. Similarly, G-CSFR levels remained unchanged in response to damaging exercise and G-CSF/G-CSFR did not change in response to NAC. Collectively, these findings suggest that G-CSF may cooperate with IL-6 and potentially promote muscle regeneration in vitro, whereas in vivo aseptic inflammation induced by exercise did not change G-CSF and G-CSFR responses. These observations suggest that different models of inflammation produce a different G-CSF response
Plastic Behavior of Aluminum and Dislocation Patterning Based on Continuum Dislocation Dynamic (CDD)
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