Mutually exclusive nuances of truth in Moisil logic

Moisil logic, having as algebraic counterpart \L ukasiewicz-Moisil algebras, provide an alternative way to reason about vague information based on the following principle: a many-valued event is characterized by a family of Boolean events. However, using the original definition of \L ukasiewicz-Moisil algebra, the principle does not apply for subalgebras. In this paper we identify an alternative and equivalent definition for the $n$-valued \L ukasiewicz-Moisil algebras, in which the determination principle is also saved for arbitrary subalgebras, which are characterized by a Boolean algebra and a family of Boolean ideals. As a consequence, we prove a duality result for the $n$-valued \L ukasiewicz-Moisil algebras, starting from the dual space of their Boolean center. This leads us to a duality for MV$_n$-algebras, since are equivalent to a subclass of $n$-valued \L ukasiewicz-Moisil algebras

Aspects regarding self-medication among students

George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, The 8th International Medical Congress for Students and Young Doctors, September 24-26, 2020Introduction. Self-medication represents the process of administering substances for physical or psychological symptoms, without the advice of a phyisician. At the population level, studies show that the prevalence of self-medication is high among young adults due to the level of education, accessibility to Internet services, as well as knowledge regarding medicines, being a common problem among students, especially students from the healthcare sector. Aim of the study. This study evaluates the prevalence, practices and attitudine towards selfmedication of the students from the University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 403 students (87,6% female, 12,3% male) from the University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș. The respondents were 1st to 6th year students from the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy. The participants responded to an online 23 questions survey which included informations regarding demographics, self-medication practices and attitude towards self-treatment. Results. Self-medication was highly popular among students, 94,5% of the respondents claimed that they used self-medication. The most common factors that led to the decision of self-treatment were: the positive experience with a medication used in the past (76,9%), urgent condition (33,6%) and self-confidence regarding own medical competences (32,8%). Headache (81,9%), menstrual symptoms (73,5%) and fever (64,57%) were the most frequently described symptoms. The most commonly used drugs were anti-inflammatory drugs (85,3%), analgetics and antipiretics (83,46%), vitamins and supplements (68,77%) and laxatives/antidiarrheal medicines (46,72%). Most of the students (83,4%) claim that they are against self-medication, but it can still be used in certain situations, while only 2,2% were completely against self-medication. Conclusions. Self-medication is a common practice and its occurrence is tremendously high among students. However, the attitude of the students towards self-treatment was mainly negative, according to them, this could only be used in specific situations

Management of pelvic pain caused by endometriosis

Endometriosis is a disorder of the epithelium and/or endometrial-like stroma outside the endometrium and myometrium, usually with an associated inflammatory process. It mainly affects young women of reproductive age, the prevalence being estimated at approximately 10%. Due to the varied clinical symptoms marked by chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility, dyspareunia, dysuria, endometriosis requires a complex treatment. Endometriosis is a major health problem with socioeconomic impact, which is why many gynecological societies have published different guidelines to assist clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. The variety of available treatments combined with the complexity of this disease leads to significant discrepancies between recommendations. The most used is the ESHRE guidelines published in 2022, which represents an update of the ESHRE guidelines on endometriosis published in 2013 and 2005 regarding the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of endometriosis treatment methods after comparing several widely used guidelines in endometriosis management

Analysis of potentially toxic contaminants in milk powder

The aim of this study was to identify potentially toxic contaminants in milk powder. Powdered milk contains a range of toxic and non-toxic substances that are present in a wide variety, also having very different origins. A number of seven milk powder samples from different producers sold on the Romanian market were analyzed, the samples that were collected from the original packaging: P1, P 2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7. The concentration of the following elements was analyzed using the X-ray (XRF) fluorescence method: potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and aluminum (Al). The vast majority of the samples showed the levels of elements K, Ca, Cl, Al, P well above the maximum allowable limit (AML). In a single test, the elements potassium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus showed levels below the maximum allowable limit, but the level of aluminum was much above. The experimental results showed that the market sells assortments of milk powder that exceed concentrations above the maximum limits established by the legislation in force for some constituent elements. Concentrations of constituent elements are not always specified on food labels, and if this information appears, they are not always the correct values

Therapeutic Considerations Related to Finasteride Administration in Male Androgenic Alopecia and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Finasteride has been used extensively until now as a relative efficient therapeutic option for male androgenic alopecia and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Unfortunately, over time several concerns appeared regarding the frequency and magnitude of adverse effects, which in some cases have been even irreversible. Herein we review the recent literature on this topic, trying to clarify the current safety profile of Finasteride for these two therapeutic indications. We concluded that Finasteride could be retained as a therapeutic approach for male androgenic alopecia, based on two important reasons. First, a synergistic action between a partial inhibitor of 5α-reductase (Finasteride) and another compound (like Minoxidil) are preferable to a complete suppression of 5α-reductase (see Dutasteride), in order to preserve the important physiological roles of dihydrotestosterone. Second, Finasteride side effects can currently be addressed in part prior to the onset of the therapy, by using information about the patient such as hand preference and sexual orientation to predict the risk of adverse effects