A Review of Nosema cerane and Nosema apis: Caracterization and Impact for Beekeeping

Two microsporidia have been described infecting honey bees worldwide: Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. The infecting forms of the parasite are the spores, ingested by the adult host insects. Studies demonstrated that the infection with Nosema spp. range from less than 1 to 100 percent, this disease reduces worker longevity by 22-44% which in turn reduces honey production and causes incomplete crop pollination. However, the used conventional drugs in beekeeping sector has a strong limitation due to the big concern about antibiotics resistance, transmission of antibiotics residues in beehive products and to a lesser extent, unbalancing risk of bee gut microbiota.This review highlights the importance to have healthy bee colonies, which implicitly lead to safety bee products. For this reason, orientation towards alternative treatments without antibiotics and based on natural products with higher antimicrobial effects it is very topical

Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens show circadian co-periodicity in naturally co-infected dogs

The proportion of present microfilariae (/ml) at each sampling time and results of duplex PCRs. (XLSX 11 kb

Evaluation of goat milk microflora in farms from Transylvania

Mastitis represents the inflammation of the mammary gland and is considered to be a serious disease due to the fact that it leads to the decrease of milk yield, with severe consequences on milk quality, increase of animal culling and therefore major economic losses. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the main microorganisms, as well as analyzing the Colony Forming Units in raw goat milk by collecting samples from 18 dairy goat farms from Transylvania, as follows: 6 farms from Alba County, 6 from Sălaj County and 6 farms from Cluj County. The milk samples were taken twice from each farm, gathering a total of 36 samples. The results showed that among Gram positive bacteria, 63.8% of the total number of samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., 36.1%, for Micrococcus spp., 25% for Streptococcus spp. and in 19.4% of the milk samples was identified Bacillus spp. Other Gram positive microorganisms were isolated, but with a lower frequency: Kocuria spp. (8.33%), Aerococcus spp. (8.33%), Corynebacteruium spp. (5.55%) and Enterococcus spp. (2.77%). Results regarding the Gram negative bacteria showed that E. coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism, with a percentage of 38.9, followed by Klebsiella spp. with 25%, Hafnia spp. with 11.1%, Aeromonas spp. with 8.33% and Raoultella spp. with 5.55%. Data concerning the total number of germs showed that raw goat milk from the Transylvanian farms included in the study fulfils the hygiene criteria in the legislation

Epidemiology of bovine mastitis in cows in Transylvania during 2014-2019

Bovine mastitis is still a problem, both in terms of economic losses, animal health and welfare the increased risk of human health. Based on these affirmations, the purpose of the study was to establish the prevalence of the main etiological agents involved in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis, while also evaluating their antimicrobial susceptibility and choosing the most effective antibiotic regarding epidemiological control. This study was based on a retrospective analysis of bovine mastitis cases registered at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca, during five years (2014 - 2019). A total of 347 mastitis milk samples from Transylvanian dairy farms and private owners were registered within the laboratory. For the total number of examined samples, a percentage of 89% were represented by Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus spp., 53% (183 samples), Streptococcus spp., 24% (84 samples), Bacillus spp. 12% (42 samples) , and a percentage of 11% were represented by Gram negative bacteria E.coli 7% (23 samples) and Klebsiella spp., 4% (15 samples). After the isolation and identification of the pathogens, antibiotics susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby Bauer disk-diffusion method, using the following antibiotics: Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid, Ceftiofur, Florfenicol, Mastidiscs, Enrofloxacin, Penicillin and Cloxacillin. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for the total isolates revealed good sensitivity to Florfenicol, Enrofloxacin and Mast discs. Resistance was observed for Penicillin and Cloxacillin

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from urine samples in dogs

Urinary tract infections are very common in dogs, while the number of antimicrobials available for therapy has decreased due to the adaptation and evolution of bacterial populations. The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of the main etiological agents involved in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections, antimicrobial susceptibility and treatment alternatives.For this study, 50 dogs of different breeds, both females and males, aged between 2 years and 13 years were considered. The experimental part of this study took place between February 2018 and May 2019 in the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca. Samples were processed using microscopic and cultural examinations. The Petri dishes were inoculated and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, and interpreted, analyzing the cultural and morphological characteristics of the bacterial colonies as well as the presence or absence of haemolysis areas. The identification of bacterial species was performed by microscopic examination of cells from isolated colonies and biochemical examinations. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Mueller-Hinton agar disk diffusion technique. The most frequently isolated bacterial strain was E. coli, present in 21 samples of 54 (38.8%), followed by Staphylococcus spp. in 16 (29.6%), Streptococcus spp., present in 10 samples (18.5%), Proteus spp. with 4 samples (7.4%), and Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp., each present in 3 (5.5%). Bacterial associations were only observed in 7 samples, mainly involving E. coli and Proteus spp., while 4 samples were negative for bacterial growth. Increased susceptibility was observed for enrofloxacin, doxycycline and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, while increased resistance was recorded for cefovecin, cephalexin and trimethoprim

Guidelines for the direct detection of Anaplasma spp. in diagnosis and epidemiological studies

The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) comprises obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that are mainly transmitted by ticks, and currently includes six species: Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma ovis. These have long been known as etiological agents of veterinary diseases that affect domestic and wild animals worldwide. A zoonotic role has been recognized for A. phagocytophilum, but other species can also be pathogenic for humans. Anaplasma infections are usually challenging to diagnose, clinically presenting with nonspecific symptoms that vary greatly depending on the agent involved, the affected host, and other factors such as immune status and coinfections. The substantial economic impact associated with livestock infection and the growing number of human cases along with the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections, determines the need for accurate laboratory tests. Because hosts are usually seronegative in the initial phase of infection and serological cross-reactions with several Anaplasma species are observed after seroconversion, direct tests are the best approach for both case definition and epidemiological studies. Blood samples are routinely used for Anaplasma spp. screening, but in persistently infected animals with intermittent or low-level bacteremia, other tissues might be useful. These guidelines have been developed as a direct outcome of the COST action TD1303 EURNEGVEC (>European Network of Neglected Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases>). They review the direct laboratory tests (microscopy, nucleic acid-based detection and in vitro isolation) currently used for Anaplasma detection in ticks and vertebrates and their application.This work was done under the frame of COST action TD1303.Peer Reviewe

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake