Electrolyte, Metabolites And Enzyme Activities In Muscle And Blood Of New Zealand Rabbit Due To Exposure To The Pesticide Dichlorvos (DDVP)

This study assessed the biochemical, electrolyte, and enzyme parameters in muscles and blood of New Zealand rabbits following oral exposure to varying concentrations (0.00–0.03 mg/l) of Dichlorvos (DDVP). This was done to simulate the possible effect of pesticides on ruminant animals including rabbits. Result from the study indicate that muscle sodium increased from 60.67 ± 0.88 mg/L to 63.33 ± 0.88 mg/L at 0.02 mg/L, before declining to 58.33 ± 2.84 mg/L compared to the control. Potassium decreased from 5.33 ± 0.88 to 3.00 ± 0.58 mg/L. Calcium dropped from 2.77 ± 0.27 to 2.20 ± 0.17 mg/L. ALT rose from 36.67 ± 2.33 to 47.00 ± 1.53 U/L. AST decreased slightly, while creatinine dropped from 0.70 ± 0.06 to 0.47 ± 0.06 mg/L. Magnesium declined from 1.23 ± 0.06 to 1.07 ± 0.12 mg/L, ALP from 78.67 ± 6.74 to 67.00 ± 3.06 U/L, T.P from 6.00 ± 0.17 to 5.13 ± 0.12 mg/L, and ALB from 3.37 ± 0.03 to 2.90 ± 0.06mg/L. Blood parameters showed minimal variation: sodium (~141 mg/L), potassium (~5 mg/L), chloride (~98 mg/L), calcium (~8.5 mg/L), ALT (~40 U/L), and AST (~35 U/L) remained insignificantly different from the control group . These findings suggest DDVP exposure disrupts electrolyte homeostasis and enzyme activities moderately in muscle and insignificantly in blood indicating organ-specific vulnerability to DDVP toxicity compared to the control. Therefore, the use of Dichlorvos in open spaces and fields should be done with utmost care and restraint

Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide on the carbohydrate metabolism of the Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Experiments were designed to study in-vivo effects of sodium cyanide on biochemical endpoints in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.106 and 0.064mg/L) for a period of 15 days. Levels of glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and the enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (AcP) were assessed in different tissues (liver, muscle and gills). Result indicated a steady decrease in glycogen, pyruvate, SDH, ALP and AcP activity with a concomitant increase in the lactate, phosphorylase, LDH and G6PD activity in all selected tissues. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were significantly (p<0.05) time and dose dependent. In all the above parameters, liver pointing out the intensity of cyanide intoxication compare to muscle and gills. Study revealed change in the metabolic energy by means of altered metabolic profile of the fish. Further, these observations indicated that even sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide might not be fully devoid of deleterious influence on metabolism in L. rohita

Toxicity evaluation of ballast water discharged at The Onne Port complex using the microtox assay

Ballast water from ninety-six (96) International vessels calling the Onne Port complex were analyzed for physicochemical and acute toxicity test using the bioluminescence bacteria (Vibrio fisheri) from October 2015 to September 2016. The result of the microtox assay showed that the ballast water were generally toxic in the months under review. The Tanker vessels were generally more toxic than the RoRo/Container carriers. For the RoRo/Container carriers, the EC50 values for the 5 minutes and 15 minutes microtox assay ranged from 7.99± 2.45% in November, 2015 to 44.04±1.70% in June 2016 and 8.97±1.07% in November 2015 to 44.98±11.13% in June 2016. Similarly, for the tanker vessels, the EC50 values ranged from 5.63±1.97% in June 2016 to 28.17±1.71% in January 2016. In comparison to the reference chemical (Zinc sulphate) for the 5 minutes and 15 minutes microtox assay test, the EC50 values ranged from 1.00 ± 0.24% to 3.49±0.61% and 2.03±1.15% to 5.16±2.99% respectively. The seawater which served as controls were generally not toxic as the EC50 values was 100% from October 2015 to September 2016. The discharge of these ballast water poses a major environmental threat to the water quality and Port infrastructures at the Onne Port complex as contaminants may find their way into the food chain/food web and bioaccumulate in the tissues of indigenous biota (microorganisms, crabs, mangrove oysters and fin-fishes). This research work flags off the need for the regulators of Maritime Safety and Administration in Nigeria to monitor closely International vessels calling at major ports in Nigeria and the need to begin to domesticate some of the IMO guidelines on Ballast water management and ensure strict compliance.Key words: Ballast water, Toxicity, Vibrio fischeri, International Maritime Organizatio

Toxicity evaluation of ballast water discharged at The Onne Port complex using the microtox assay

Ballast water from ninety-six (96) International vessels calling the Onne Port complex were analyzed for physicochemical and acute toxicity test using the bioluminescence bacteria (Vibrio fisheri) from October 2015 to September 2016. The result of the microtox assay showed that the ballast water were generally toxic in the months under review. The Tanker vessels were generally more toxic than the RoRo/Container carriers. For the RoRo/Container carriers, the EC50 values for the 5 minutes and 15 minutes microtox assay ranged from 7.99± 2.45% in November, 2015 to 44.04±1.70% in June 2016 and 8.97±1.07% in November 2015 to 44.98±11.13% in June 2016. Similarly, for the tanker vessels, the EC50 values ranged from 5.63±1.97% in June 2016 to 28.17±1.71% in January 2016. In comparison to the reference chemical (Zinc sulphate) for the 5 minutes and 15 minutes microtox assay test, the EC50 values ranged from 1.00 ± 0.24% to 3.49±0.61% and 2.03±1.15% to 5.16±2.99% respectively. The seawater which served as controls were generally not toxic as the EC50 values was 100% from October 2015 to September 2016. The discharge of these ballast water poses a major environmental threat to the water quality and Port infrastructures at the Onne Port complex as contaminants may find their way into the food chain/food web and bioaccumulate in the tissues of indigenous biota (microorganisms, crabs, mangrove oysters and fin-fishes). This research work flags off the need for the regulators of Maritime Safety and Administration in Nigeria to monitor closely International vessels calling at major ports in Nigeria and the need to begin to domesticate some of the IMO guidelines on Ballast water management and ensure strict compliance.Key words: Ballast water, Toxicity, Vibrio fischeri, International Maritime Organization</jats:p

Effect of aluminium phosphide on some metabolites of the liver and muscle of Parophiopcephalus obscurus

Aluminium phosphide induced changes in some metabolic parameters in Parophiocephalus obscurus were assessed. Parophiocephalus obscurus (mean length, 18.00±0.09cm and mean weight, 65.03±0.03g) were acclimatized to laboratory condition for 10 days and then exposed to varying sublethal concentrations of aluminium phosphide (4.20, 6.30, and 8.40mgl-1) in semi-static bioassay for 14 days. A concentration dependent effect was observed in liver total protein and albumin in the muscle. Total protein values obtained in the muscle were not statistically significant (p&lt;0.05), albeit a slight decrease in values was observed at 4.20 and 8.40mhl-1. Based on the results, aluminium phosphide used for agricultural and anthropogenic purposes could have a serious effect on fishes such as Parophiocephalus obscurus.Key words: Metabolites, Total Protein, Albumin, Pesticide, Liver, Muscle