State of apps targeting management for sustainability of agricultural landscapes. A review

International audienceAbstractThe triple-bottom-line approach to sustainability in agriculture requires multi- and inter-disciplinary expertise and remains a major design and implementation challenge. Tools are needed to link extension agents, development workers, farmers, and other agriculture decision-makers to information related to practices that improve sustainability across agricultural landscapes. The digital age has brought many new cloud-based and mobile device–accessible software applications (apps) targeted at farmers and others in the agriculture sector; however, the effectiveness of these tools for advancing sustainability goals is unknown. Here, we review apps for agriculture in order to identify gaps in information provisioning and sharing for tools that connect decision-makers to knowledge in support of sustainable agricultural landscapes. The major findings are (1) Agricultural apps can be categorized as supporting regulatory compliance, equipment optimization, farming simulator games, information management, agronomic reference information, product tracking, pest identification, emissions accounting, or benchmarks for marketing claims. (2) Many apps are developed to link specific products for single solutions, such as GPS-guided crop implementation or sensors within Internet-of-things connectivity. (3) While pilots, prototypes, and case studies are available in both Apple and Android digital markets, public mobile apps to improve multidirectional agriculture knowledge exchange are limited and poorly documented. (4) There remains a need for apps emphasizing knowledge exchange and resource discovery, rather than simply information delivery, to help farmers identify evidence-based practices that improve indicators of sustainability. (5) Development of a digital decision support tool requires early and ongoing interactions with targeted end users to clarify app performance objectives and social networking preferences, ensure reliability of scientific input and business management plans, and optimize the user experience

Using intrinsic and extrinsic methods to engineer improved expression of recombinant proteins and retroviral vectors in mammalian cell

Recombinant proteins, produced by introducing DNA into producer cells, are important in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and academia. While prokaryotic cells are still most commonly used in these fields, mammalian cells are becoming more prevalent, especially for human proteins such antibodies, due to their inherent ability to correctly fold proteins, and retroviral vectors, due to their viral pseudotyping. This dissertation focuses on engineering improvement of recombinant protein expression and retroviral vector titer using both intrinsic methods such as cell engineering and extrinsic methods such as process development. To this end, multiple strategies such as non-coding RNA, stable transfections, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, high-throughput screenings, and bioreactor perfusion processes were employed. Retroviral vectors have been of interest for some time due to their ability to modify genomes with relative ease and safety. This is increasingly so with the advancement of adoptive T-cell therapy, which is the transfer of T-Cells into a patient. These T-cells, often autologous, are typically modified, via various methods including retroviral vectors. Using mir-22-3p, which improves recombinant protein production, the first strategy was to identify gene targets of this microRNA that also improve recombinant protein expression. A microarray analysis was followed by bioinformatics; combining the results of the microarray with the predicted microRNA targets and the results of a high-throughput siRNA screen. Finally, confirmation with siRNA was performed to identify a focus gene, HIPK1. The second strategy was to create stable, high producing, recombinant protein expressing cell lines. This was achieved with a stably over-expressing microRNA, mir-22, and with a stable knockout of the gene identified earlier, HIPK1. Another strategy involved improving retroviral vector titer from PG13 cells in a bioreactor. PG13 cells are anchorage-dependent stable producing retroviral packaging cells for which scale up is difficult. It was achieved by attaching the PG13 cells to microcarriers, growing them in a suspension like environment in a continuous perfusion bioreactor. The dissertation wraps up with the method development of a high throughput RNAi screening assay to improve retroviral titer. The purpose of the screening is to identify microRNAs or siRNAs that affect vector titer. The design involves miniaturization, assay development and optimization for two transfections

Improving production of retroviral vector from Pg13 cells for T cell therapy

Adoptive T-Cell therapy is a growing field for cancer treatment using the patient’s immune system to battle the cancer cells. Tumor specific T cells are either isolated from a tumor or created by modifying the T cells and after expansion are administered to the patient. The modifications include adding specific T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) by way of retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, or other method. One method is to use PG13 cells, which are derivatives of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, to stably produce a retroviral vector that is used to transduce the T cell. PG13 cells are anchorage dependent cells that grow in roller bottles or cell factories to produce the viral vector and recently in a fixed bed bioreactor. To improve the production of the viral vector we explore the possibility of its production using PG13 cells grown on microcarriers in a bioreactor. Microcarriers are small, approximately 100-300 µm, charged beads that support the attachment of the cells and are suspended in the growth media in the bioreactor that provide controlled growth conditions. In this way parameters, such as oxygen concentration, pH, and nutrient are monitored and controlled. The result is higher cell concentration and consequently virus titer. There was no effect on the specific virus titer or the efficacy of the vector in transducing t cells indicating that using microcarriers in a bioreactor is a good method for scaling up stable production of gamma retroviral vector in PG13 cells

Identifying Hipk1 as a target of Mir-22-3p enhancing recombinant protein production from Hek 293 by using microarray and Htp sirna screen

Enhancing protein production in mammalian cells is of interest in the biomedical field for a variety of reasons, including structural studies and antibody production. Using small non-protein coding RNA such as microRNA has recently been a promising method of increasing protein expression. A high throughput human microRNA screen in HEK 293 cells previously identified miRNA 22-3p as a promising candidate for increasing recombinant protein expression. This microRNA enhanced the expression of luciferase, two hard-to-express membrane proteins and a secreted hFc-fusion protein. In order to explore the mechanisms of this increase in protein production and to understand the intracellular events, we conducted a gene expression analysis of cells transfected with a mir-22-3p mimic against a negative control. Following the microarray analysis, several genes that were differentially regulated were identified. These were cross-referenced with predicted mir-22-3p targets along with the results of a high throughput siRNA screen. We will present our selected gene, HIPK1, and its possible involvement in the process of enhanced cells productivity

The Farming Population and Health Insurance: Educational Needs and Approaches of Extension Professionals

Health insurance policy has critical implications for farmers, who work in a dangerous occupation and have historically high rates of being uninsured and underinsured. Extension is well poised to respond to changing policies and provide outreach to agricultural communities. However, few studies have explored capacity within Extension to respond knowledgeably to health insurance–related opportunities. Accordingly, we conducted focus group sessions with Extension professionals to understand current efforts, resource needs, and opportunities for program development in this realm. Our findings revealed a need for knowledge building within Extension through programming collaboration and an opportunity to connect the agriculture and health insurance sectors. We also identified strategies for addressing the topic with farmers

The seeds of divergence: the economy of French North America, 1688 to 1760

Generally, Canada has been ignored in the literature on the colonial origins of divergence with most of the attention going to the United States. Late nineteenth century estimates of income per capita show that Canada was relatively poorer than the United States and that within Canada, the French and Catholic population of Quebec was considerably poorer. Was this gap long standing? Some evidence has been advanced for earlier periods, but it is quite limited and not well-suited for comparison with other societies. This thesis aims to contribute both to Canadian economic history and to comparative work on inequality across nations during the early modern period. With the use of novel prices and wages from Quebec—which was then the largest settlement in Canada and under French rule—a price index, a series of real wages and a measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are constructed. They are used to shed light both on the course of economic development until the French were defeated by the British in 1760 and on standards of living in that colony relative to the mother country, France, as well as the American colonies. The work is divided into three components. The first component relates to the construction of a price index. The absence of such an index has been a thorn in the side of Canadian historians as it has limited the ability of historians to obtain real values of wages, output and living standards. This index shows that prices did not follow any trend and remained at a stable level. However, there were episodes of wide swings—mostly due to wars and the monetary experiment of playing card money. The creation of this index lays the foundation of the next component. The second component constructs a standardized real wage series in the form of welfare ratios (a consumption basket divided by nominal wage rate multiplied by length of work year) to compare Canada with France, England and Colonial America. Two measures are derived. The first relies on a “bare bones” definition of consumption with a large share of land-intensive goods. This measure indicates that Canada was poorer than England and Colonial America and not appreciably richer than France. However, this measure overestimates the relative position of Canada to the Old World because of the strong presence of land-intensive goods. A second measure is created using a “respectable” definition of consumption in which the basket includes a larger share of manufactured goods and capital-intensive goods. This second basket better reflects differences in living standards since the abundance of land in Canada (and Colonial America) made it easy to achieve bare subsistence, but the scarcity of capital and skilled labor made the consumption of luxuries and manufactured goods (clothing, lighting, imported goods) highly expensive. With this measure, the advantage of New France over France evaporates and turns slightly negative. In comparison with Britain and Colonial America, the gap widens appreciably. This element is the most important for future research. By showing a reversal because of a shift to a different type of basket, it shows that Old World and New World comparisons are very sensitive to how we measure the cost of living. Furthermore, there are no sustained improvements in living standards over the period regardless of the measure used. Gaps in living standards observed later in the nineteenth century existed as far back as the seventeenth century. In a wider American perspective that includes the Spanish colonies, Canada fares better. The third component computes a new series for Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is to avoid problems associated with using real wages in the form of welfare ratios which assume a constant labor supply. This assumption is hard to defend in the case of Colonial Canada as there were many signs of increasing industriousness during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The GDP series suggest no long-run trend in living standards (from 1688 to circa 1765). The long peace era of 1713 to 1740 was marked by modest economic growth which offset a steady decline that had started in 1688, but by 1760 (as a result of constant warfare) living standards had sunk below their 1688 levels. These developments are accompanied by observations that suggest that other indicators of living standard declined. The flat-lining of incomes is accompanied by substantial increases in the amount of time worked, rising mortality and rising infant mortality. In addition, comparisons of incomes with the American colonies confirm the results obtained with wages— Canada was considerably poorer. At the end, a long conclusion is provides an exploratory discussion of why Canada would have diverged early on. In structural terms, it is argued that the French colony was plagued by the problem of a small population which prohibited the existence of scale effects. In combination with the fact that it was dispersed throughout the territory, the small population of New France limited the scope for specialization and economies of scale. However, this problem was in part created, and in part aggravated, by institutional factors like seigneurial tenure. The colonial origins of French America’s divergence from the rest of North America are thus partly institutional

Methods for Using Small Non-Coding RNAs to Improve Recombinant Protein Expression in Mammalian Cells

The ability to produce recombinant proteins by utilizing different “cell factories” revolutionized the biotherapeutic and pharmaceutical industry. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the dominant industrial producer, especially for antibodies. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), while not being as widely used as CHO cells, are used where CHO cells are unable to meet the needs for expression, such as growth factors. Therefore, improving recombinant protein expression from mammalian cells is a priority, and continuing effort is being devoted to this topic. Non-coding RNAs are RNA segments that are not translated into a protein and often have a regulatory role. Since their discovery, major progress has been made towards understanding their functions. Non-coding RNA has been investigated extensively in relation to disease, especially cancer, and recently they have also been used as a method for engineering cells to improve their protein expression capability. In this review, we provide information about methods used to identify non-coding RNAs with the potential of improving recombinant protein expression in mammalian cell lines

Improving Sustainability of Agricultural Landscapes Through Assessment and Adaptive Management

Greater sustainability in agricultural landscapes can be achieved if appropriate farm management practices are adopted in response to evolving socio-economic and environmental concerns identified by stakeholders. Development agencies, policy makers, and other stakeholders need data to support informed decisions that can improve the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Chapter 1 reviews agricultural sustainability assessment frameworks to identify features to monitor progress towards goals for agricultural landscapes. Goals for improving sustainability vary depending on the context including local biophysical constraints on the system, social values, and economic relationships locally and globally. Chapter 2 details a process to identify themes and individual indicators for assessing sustainability in agricultural landscapes and applies the approach in a case study of Yaqui Valley, Mexico. After defining selection criteria, a set of indicators was developed in consultation with stakeholder groups. Access to data for selected indicators was a major obstacle to completing an assessment. Hence, Chapter 3 includes an analysis of selected indicators for which data were available.Better digital tools may allow farmers and other resource managers to gather site-specific information and access global databases to characterize and monitor farms and landscapes. Chapter 4 reviews apps that can support sustainable agricultural landscapes and identifies gaps in information provisioning tools to connect decision-makers to knowledge. Many apps link farmers to specific products for single solutions, such as GPS-guided farm implements or sensors within internet-of-things connectivity. Mobile apps to improve multidirectional agriculture knowledge exchange are extremely limited and poorly documented. There remains a need for apps emphasizing knowledge exchange and resource discovery to help farmers identify science-based practices that improve sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Development of a digital decision support tool requires ongoing interactions with targeted end users to clarify app performance objectives and social networking preferences, ensure reliability of scientific input and business management plans, and optimize the user experience. Together these four chapters provide recommendations and conclusions that help stakeholders work toward more sustainable agricultural landscapes through adaptive management and iterative assessment of progress

The Social Consequences of Legal Reform: Women and Property in a Canadian Community

This paper examines patterns of property-holding in an Ontario town before and after legislation in 1872 and 1884 that permitted married women to hold property in their own name. The experience of Guelph follows that of other North American urban communities in which women substantially increased their share of urban property during this period. Single and widowed women achieved most of the gains although married women also increased their holding of property. Indicators of long-term change derived from assessment records, census manuscripts, wills, mortgages and property transfers support the hypothesis that the legislation was instrumental in the rise of female ownership. The effect of the law was felt through various channels of causation, including a change in inheritance practice that favoured women