Hispanic health in the USA: a scoping review of the literature

Hispanics are the largest minority group in the USA. They contribute to the economy, cultural diversity, and health of the nation. Assessing their health status and health needs is key to inform health policy formulation and program implementation. To this end, we conducted a scoping review of the literature and national statistics on Hispanic health in the USA using a modified social-ecological framework that includes social determinants of health, health disparities, risk factors, and health services, as they shape the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. These social, environmental, and biological forces have modified the epidemiologic profile of Hispanics in the USA, with cancer being the leading cause of mortality, followed by cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries. Implementation of the Affordable Care Act has resulted in improved access to health services for Hispanics, but challenges remain due to limited cultural sensitivity, health literacy, and a shortage of Hispanic health care providers. Acculturation barriers and underinsured or uninsured status remain as major obstacles to health care access. Advantageous health outcomes from the “Hispanic Mortality Paradox” and the “Latina Birth Outcomes Paradox” persist, but health gains may be offset in the future by increasing rates of obesity and diabetes. Recommendations focus on the adoption of the Health in All Policies framework, expanding access to health care, developing cultural sensitivity in the health care workforce, and generating and disseminating research findings on Hispanic health

O Movimento Cidades/Municípios Saudáveis: um compromisso com a qualidade de vida The Healthy Cities Movement: a commitement with quality of life

O Movimento Cidades/Municípios Saudáveis, desde a década de 1970, vem envolvendo cada vez maior número de cidades e atores em vários países e divulgando uma prática que representa uma nova forma de pensar e fazer saúde. O movimento tem como objetivo um produto social, a qualidade de vida da população e pressupõe a existência de problemas concretos de pessoas vivendo em um território. Representa uma nova forma de gestão municipal, baseada na ação intersetorial e exige, ao mesmo tempo, um protagonismo do Estado e a participação da sociedade civil como parceira na consecução dos objetivos. No Brasil há, até o momento, 19 municípios envolvidos com a proposta, mas somente 13 estão com projetos ativos. Os resultados dos esforços estão começando a ser visualizados, trazendo novas perspectivas em termos de desenvolvimento social e sustentado, bem como de melhoria das condições de saúde e qualidade de vida.<br>The Healthy Cities Movement has been involving an increasing number of cities and actors in several countries of the world since the 70's, and has been divulging a practice that represents a new form of thinking and working on health which aims at constructing a social product - quality of life of the population. This new proposal presupposes the existence of people living in a territory with concrete problem. It represents a new form of city administration based on intersectorial action and demands the protagonism of the state, as well as the participation of civil society in the accomplishment of new objectives aiming at changing the city profile. In Brazil there are so far 19 municipal districts involved with Healthy Cities' proposal but only 13 with active projects. The results of the efforts of these municipal districts are beginning to become visible and to bring new perspectives in terms of social and sustained development and the improvement of health conditions and quality of life