Does endurance training alter energy balance?

An examination of the effects of a structured activity program on resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical activity, and dietary behavior is essential in gaining a better understanding of potential strategies that may be used in future exercise training programs. PURPOSE: To explore whether endurance training alters energy balance via changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), daily energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI). METHODS: Twenty-four subjects (17 females, 7 males; 21 + 0.3 years old) were assigned to one of two groups: 1) endurance (E; n = 12), or 2) active control (AC; n = 12). The E group completed 15 weeks of marathon training and the AC group maintained their usual exercise routine. Primary outcomes were measured pre- and post-training and included: anthropometric indices, RMR, EI, EE, and time to complete 1.5 miles (in minutes). Dietary intake and energy expenditure were also measured mid-training. RESULTS: Differences present among the groups at baseline included: the E group had significantly higher estimated VO2max values (as measured by the time to complete 1.5 miles) and higher energy expenditure rates (measured via accelerometer data) than the AC group. Post measurements revealed that both the E and AC groups significantly increased daily energy expenditure from baseline measures (p = 0.005) and decreased time to complete 1.5 miles (p = 0.022). After training, the E group significantly increased energy expenditure during the tenth week of training (p = 0.009). No significant relationships were observed between marathon training and body weight, resting metabolic rate, or energy intake. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest individuals following an intensive, marathon training program may experience an increase in EE without a concomitant increase in EI. They may also fail to see improvements in body weight or RMR. Additionally, the parallel changes in EE and EI, and the increase in VO2max observed in the AC, when compared with the E group, may indicate that an uncontrollable factor may have been involved

Managing Conflict By Design: A Systems Approach for the University System of Georgia

Student unrest on university campuses has been and continues to be an on-going concern for both campuses and the communities in which they reside. Historically, if students and/or faculty perceive either a lack of legitimate means to express their issues or unfair outcomes resulting from those means, then demonstrations ensue. Police are frequently involved in the arrest of demonstrators, and some confrontations, unfortunately, lead to violence, including death. In the past five years, there has been tragic loss of life on campuses in Haiti, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and India and student and faculty protests have occurred in the United States, Australia, Western Europe, and Africa. A desire to provide mechanisms for fair and timely resolution to student and faculty concerns has resulted in the development of a variety of conflict management processes at universities, such as mediation, ombuds, and conciliation or negotiation services. Many programs claim success in handling disputes which have the potential for violence. However, program implementation has been idiosyncratic, lacking a systemic approach to both development and implementation. This paper details a comprehensive system design approach for developing and implementing conflict management in a large public university system in Georgia, USA. Since 1995, Georgia has become a national exemplar in developing a model for the design and institutionalization of conflict management in higher education. This model and the implementation methods are presented

Managing Conflict By Design: A Systems Approach for the University System of Georgia

Student unrest on university campuses has been and continues to be an on-going concern for both campuses and the communities in which they reside. Historically, if students and/or faculty perceive either a lack of legitimate means to express their issues or unfair outcomes resulting from those means, then demonstrations ensue. Police are frequently involved in the arrest of demonstrators, and some confrontations, unfortunately, lead to violence, including death. In the past five years, there has been tragic loss of life on campuses in Haiti, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Nicaragua, and India and student and faculty protests have occurred in the United States, Australia, Western Europe, and Africa. A desire to provide mechanisms for fair and timely resolution to student and faculty concerns has resulted in the development of a variety of conflict management processes at universities, such as mediation, ombuds, and conciliation or negotiation services. Many programs claim success in handling disputes which have the potential for violence. However, program implementation has been idiosyncratic, lacking a systemic approach to both development and implementation. This paper details a comprehensive system design approach for developing and implementing conflict management in a large public university system in Georgia, USA. Since 1995, Georgia has become a national exemplar in developing a model for the design and institutionalization of conflict management in higher education. This model and the implementation methods are presented

Effects of lasalocid on ruminal and blood metabolites in young dairy calves

Effects of lasalocid on peripheral concentration of blood ketones, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, insulin, urea-nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids and ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were examined using 16 Holstein bull calves. Ruminal cannulas were installed surgically at 5 ± 2 d of age. Calves were fed 1.8 kg milk replacer twice daily to weaning at 8 wk and a commercial pelleted calf starter once daily for ad libitum consumption to a maximum of 4.5 kg. Blood was collected once weekly for 12 wk and analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. Blood β-hydroxybutyrate increased with increasing dry matter intake and was affected significantly by treatment post-weaning. Blood acetoacetate response was similar to β-hydroxybutyrate but without treatment effect. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids decreased with age suggesting that calves were under little stress. Plasma glucose increased to wk 5 then decreased to concentrations expected for mature ruminants. Plasma insulin responded to plasma glucose by increasing to weaning then decreased across all treatments. Plasma insulin correlated .41 to plasma glucose suggesting that insulin responds to other metabolites in addition to glucose. Plasma urea-nitrogen increased with age due to an increase in crude protein intake. Plasma total VFA increased with increasing dry matter intake and correlated .62. Plasma acetate, which composed 93 percent of plasma total VFA, correlated to dry matter intake (r = .62). Plasma propionate (r = .53) and butyrate (r = .02) were less highly correlated with DMI. Ruminal pH decreased with increased dry matter intake (r = .68). Calves fed lasalocid tended to maintain a higher ruminal pH than control calves. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen increased across all treatments throughout the study. Ruminal VFA increased as a function of dry matter intake (r = ,74). Molar percent ruminal acetate decreased and percent propionate increased throughout the study. Percent butyrate tended to be lower for calves that received lasalocid ruminally. Data indicate that ketone body concentration resulted from alimentary ketogenesis and lasalocid decreased blood ketone levels. No protein-sparing effect was observed in this study. Both ruminal and plasma volatile fatty acids responded to dry matter intake. Lasalocid shifted molar percentages of ruminal VFA away from acetate and butyrate in favor of propionate

Interactive Reflection as a Creative Teaching Strategy

The purpose of this article is to present interactive reflection as a creative teaching strategy and demonstrate its role in teaching conflict resolution. The article discusses examples of interactive reflection in action and identifies potential barriers or roadblocks to using such a strategy

Navigating Challenges and Teaching Through Lived Experiences as Graduate Student Instructors

Historically, graduate students across academic disciplines have been expected to teach courses in their field, at the college level, without sufficient guidance. This is known as a stressful and difficult experience, but for some graduate students this can be compounded by their positionality, both in the hierarchy in academia as well as their individual minoritized statuses (racial, sexual, gender, or otherwise.) Brought about by our own experiences and struggles, this paper addresses two primary questions: (1) How do our identities impact our experiences as graduate student instructors? And (2) How do we use lived experiences as sociologists and instructors to create a better learning experience for our students? We answer these questions and end the discussion with a call to action, highlighting anti-racism and disrupting the status quo of academia. The call to action is especially pertinent considering the current social and political tensions laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic and the continuous fight for racial justice and equity

Autonomic Function Responses Comparing Cold Pressor and Tilt Table Testing in a Healthy, Normotensive Population

The autonomic nervous system regulates unconscious body functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and thermoregulation. Testing for autonomic dysfunction can be dangerous or costly, though it is crucial for individual wellbeing and for certain diagnoses. Understanding how autonomic clinical testing works, and what correlations exist between different tests, may help make autonomic testing less invasive or dangerous. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use head-up tilt testing, and cold pressor testing to evaluate autonomic function testing result differences in a young and middle-aged population. Ten total subjects, four males, and six females between the ages of 23 and 45 participated in a ten minute cold pressor test at 10±1°C tap water for ten minutes of submersion and a tilt table test with a five minute tilt at 80°. Vagal tone was measured and heart rate variability was interpreted using frequency data. While many results were insignificant, a more substantial drop was observed between the decrease in total power during the tilt table, than in the cold pressor test. These results indicate that the cold pressor test could serve as a safe pre-screening test before tilt table testing

The Early Post-restoration Population Dynamics and Community Interactions of a Former Agricultural Field in the Carolinian Canada Life Zone

Monitoring ecological restoration at the community scale provides insight into how the population dynamics and community interactions are progressing through time in comparison to a restoration’s goals and reference conditions. This study monitored the early post-restoration dynamics of a sand plain located in the Carolinian Canada ecozone called Lake Erie Farms. The restoration consisted of restoring three habitats via sculptured seeding: a mesic forest, oak woodland, and sand barren. The hypothesis of this study is that the restoration efforts have established population dynamics and community interactions consistent with successional patterns expected from comparative literature. Community ecology, directed succession, and alternative stable states are the underlying theories that provided a conceptual and theoretical lens from which to study the objectives and hypothesis. To gain insight into the community dynamics at Lake Erie Farms the vegetation abundance, seed abundance and viability of the seedbank, seed viability of the 6 most dominant species (3 most dominant native species & 3 most dominant weedy species), and soil moisture & pH were monitored. The analysis was conducted using a RMANOVA of a nested design (P > 0.001, 0.01 and 0.05) to compare the variables in relation to the site (i.e. the sum of all the quadrats), the restoration treatment nested within the site, the field nested within the site, the transect nested within the restoration treatment and the quadrat nested within the restoration treatment. The significant findings of this study include: i) the restoration treatments are producing similar results as those expected from the literature, though there is evidence of the sculptured seeding treatment accelerating the successional stage at Lake Erie Farms compared to abandoned agricultural fields in similar ecosystems because of the presence of later-successional species; ii) the control areas are less diverse than each of the restoration units (P>0.05); and iii) the soil moisture among the treatments is beginning to diverge into the desired restoration units