Hellas ja helleenit: piirteitä nykyisestä Kreikasta ja sen muinaismuistoista

15 koko sivun ja 55 tekstiin painettua kuva

La Finlande pittoresque

Text in Swedish, Finnish, French, German, Russian and English languages.Pictures printed by: Typ. inst. "Steyrermühl" Wien.Digital reproduction, The National Library of Finland, Centre for Preservation and Digitisation, MikkeliI. K. Inha (Into Konrad Nyström) was a photogapher, writer and journalist. One of his major works was the work Suomi kuvissa (Finland in pictures). Composition, use of light and technical skill make Inhaʼs landscapes Finlandʼs earliest examples of photographic art.TravelEuropeanaInha, I. K. (1865-1930

Dicer recognizes the 5′ end of RNA for efficient and accurate processing

A hallmark of RNA silencing is a class of approximately 22-nucleotide RNAs that are processed from double-stranded RNA precursors by Dicer. Accurate processing by Dicer is crucial for the functionality of microRNAs (miRNAs). The current model posits that Dicer selects cleavage sites by measuring a set distance from the 3′ overhang of the double-stranded RNA terminus. Here we report that human Dicer anchors not only the 3′ end but also the 5′ end, with the cleavage site determined mainly by the distance (~22 nucleotides) from the 5′ end (5′ counting rule). This cleavage requires a 5′-terminal phosphate group. Further, we identify a novel basic motif (5′ pocket) in human Dicer that recognizes the 5′-phosphorylated end. The 5′ counting rule and the 5′ anchoring residues are conserved in Drosophila Dicer-1, but not in Giardia Dicer. Mutations in the 5′ pocket reduce processing efficiency and alter cleavage sites in vitro. Consistently, miRNA biogenesis is perturbed in vivo when Dicer-null embryonic stem cells are replenished with the 5′-pocket mutant. Thus, 5′-end recognition by Dicer is important for precise and effective biogenesis of miRNAs. Insights from this study should also afford practical benefits to the design of small hairpin RNAs

Transitions in herd management of semi-domesticated reindeer in northern Finland. 45

In northern Finland, reindeer-herd management has experienced two major transitions: extensification of intensive herding, and development of supplementary/corral feeding in winter. The transistions were studied in six herding associations in different parts of the Finnish reindeer management area. It was suggested that intensive herding turns into more extensive forms as the reasons for intensive herding (predation, reindeer disappearing to foreign areas, protection of agricultural fields) gradually ceased to exist. The results of the study, based on interviews of elderly reindeer herders, were variable. In the three southern areas intensive herding changed to the free ranging system at the latest during WWII, whilst in the northern areas intensive herding was replaced by extensive herding with the aid of snowmobiles in the 1960s. In the southern herding associations, especially, supplementary/corral feeding in winter was considered necessary, from the 1970s onwards, to compensate for the loss of arboreal lichens associated with forest regeneration.peerReviewe