Evaluation of Common Injuries and Determinants of Participation in the Programme of a Running Institution

Thesis title: Evaluation of Common Injuries and Determinants of Participation in the Programme of a Running Institution. Aim of the thesis: The aim of the research is to evaluate the most common injuries for women in an amateur running organization and their possible causes. The partial goal is to evaluate key determinansts of female runners' enrollment in the training courses. Methods used: The diploma thesis contains theoretical knowledge acquired from Czech and foreign literature. In the work, the method of questionnaire survey was used which covered female runners in a selected amateur running organization. In total, 106 questionnaires were evaluated using Microsoft Excel and its functions. Results: Out of the total of 106 female runners, 38 were injured, representing 35.8 %. The most common injury in a selected running organisation were ankle distortions (34.2%), further, painful lower leg syndrome (23.7%) and, in the 3rd place, muscle injuries (21.1 %). Among the most common causes of injuries was stepping wrong, as well as uneven surface or a significant increase in the running distance. The key determinants of female runners' enrollment in training courses included "compelling myself to regular running", improving physical condition, improving running technique and losing weight. Keywords:..

DataSheet_1_Strive or thrive: Trends in Phytophthora capsici gene expression in partially resistant pepper.xlsx

Partial resistance in plants generally exerts a low selective pressure on pathogens, and thus ensuring their durability in agrosystems. However, little is known about the effect of partial resistance on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, a knowledge that could advance plant breeding for sustainable plant health. Here we investigate the gene expression of Phytophthora capsici during infection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where only partial genetic resistance is reported, using Illumina RNA-seq. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. capsici infecting susceptible and partially resistant peppers identified a small number of genes that redirected its own resources into lipid biosynthesis to subsist on partially resistant plants. The adapted and non-adapted isolates of P. capsici differed in expression of genes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and transporters. Transient ectopic expression of the RxLR effector genes CUST_2407 and CUST_16519 in pepper lines differing in resistance levels revealed specific host-isolate interactions that either triggered local necrotic lesions (hypersensitive response or HR) or elicited leave abscission (extreme resistance or ER), preventing the spread of the pathogen to healthy tissue. Although these effectors did not unequivocally explain the quantitative host resistance, our findings highlight the importance of plant genes limiting nutrient resources to select pepper cultivars with sustainable resistance to P. capsici.</p

Image_3_Strive or thrive: Trends in Phytophthora capsici gene expression in partially resistant pepper.tiff

Partial resistance in plants generally exerts a low selective pressure on pathogens, and thus ensuring their durability in agrosystems. However, little is known about the effect of partial resistance on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, a knowledge that could advance plant breeding for sustainable plant health. Here we investigate the gene expression of Phytophthora capsici during infection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where only partial genetic resistance is reported, using Illumina RNA-seq. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. capsici infecting susceptible and partially resistant peppers identified a small number of genes that redirected its own resources into lipid biosynthesis to subsist on partially resistant plants. The adapted and non-adapted isolates of P. capsici differed in expression of genes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and transporters. Transient ectopic expression of the RxLR effector genes CUST_2407 and CUST_16519 in pepper lines differing in resistance levels revealed specific host-isolate interactions that either triggered local necrotic lesions (hypersensitive response or HR) or elicited leave abscission (extreme resistance or ER), preventing the spread of the pathogen to healthy tissue. Although these effectors did not unequivocally explain the quantitative host resistance, our findings highlight the importance of plant genes limiting nutrient resources to select pepper cultivars with sustainable resistance to P. capsici.</p

Image_2_Strive or thrive: Trends in Phytophthora capsici gene expression in partially resistant pepper.tiff

Partial resistance in plants generally exerts a low selective pressure on pathogens, and thus ensuring their durability in agrosystems. However, little is known about the effect of partial resistance on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, a knowledge that could advance plant breeding for sustainable plant health. Here we investigate the gene expression of Phytophthora capsici during infection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where only partial genetic resistance is reported, using Illumina RNA-seq. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. capsici infecting susceptible and partially resistant peppers identified a small number of genes that redirected its own resources into lipid biosynthesis to subsist on partially resistant plants. The adapted and non-adapted isolates of P. capsici differed in expression of genes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and transporters. Transient ectopic expression of the RxLR effector genes CUST_2407 and CUST_16519 in pepper lines differing in resistance levels revealed specific host-isolate interactions that either triggered local necrotic lesions (hypersensitive response or HR) or elicited leave abscission (extreme resistance or ER), preventing the spread of the pathogen to healthy tissue. Although these effectors did not unequivocally explain the quantitative host resistance, our findings highlight the importance of plant genes limiting nutrient resources to select pepper cultivars with sustainable resistance to P. capsici.</p

Image_1_Strive or thrive: Trends in Phytophthora capsici gene expression in partially resistant pepper.tiff

Partial resistance in plants generally exerts a low selective pressure on pathogens, and thus ensuring their durability in agrosystems. However, little is known about the effect of partial resistance on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, a knowledge that could advance plant breeding for sustainable plant health. Here we investigate the gene expression of Phytophthora capsici during infection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where only partial genetic resistance is reported, using Illumina RNA-seq. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. capsici infecting susceptible and partially resistant peppers identified a small number of genes that redirected its own resources into lipid biosynthesis to subsist on partially resistant plants. The adapted and non-adapted isolates of P. capsici differed in expression of genes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and transporters. Transient ectopic expression of the RxLR effector genes CUST_2407 and CUST_16519 in pepper lines differing in resistance levels revealed specific host-isolate interactions that either triggered local necrotic lesions (hypersensitive response or HR) or elicited leave abscission (extreme resistance or ER), preventing the spread of the pathogen to healthy tissue. Although these effectors did not unequivocally explain the quantitative host resistance, our findings highlight the importance of plant genes limiting nutrient resources to select pepper cultivars with sustainable resistance to P. capsici.</p

Image_4_Strive or thrive: Trends in Phytophthora capsici gene expression in partially resistant pepper.tiff

Partial resistance in plants generally exerts a low selective pressure on pathogens, and thus ensuring their durability in agrosystems. However, little is known about the effect of partial resistance on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity, a knowledge that could advance plant breeding for sustainable plant health. Here we investigate the gene expression of Phytophthora capsici during infection of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), where only partial genetic resistance is reported, using Illumina RNA-seq. Comparison of transcriptomes of P. capsici infecting susceptible and partially resistant peppers identified a small number of genes that redirected its own resources into lipid biosynthesis to subsist on partially resistant plants. The adapted and non-adapted isolates of P. capsici differed in expression of genes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and transporters. Transient ectopic expression of the RxLR effector genes CUST_2407 and CUST_16519 in pepper lines differing in resistance levels revealed specific host-isolate interactions that either triggered local necrotic lesions (hypersensitive response or HR) or elicited leave abscission (extreme resistance or ER), preventing the spread of the pathogen to healthy tissue. Although these effectors did not unequivocally explain the quantitative host resistance, our findings highlight the importance of plant genes limiting nutrient resources to select pepper cultivars with sustainable resistance to P. capsici.</p

YFP fusions to R3a* variants re-localize to vesicles after the perception of both of AVR3a^KI and AVR3a^EM, whereas YFP-R3a remains cytoplasmic in the presence of AVR3a^EM.

<p>Two days after infiltration of mixtures of <i>Agrobacterium</i> cultures designed to express AVR3a^KI, AVR3a^EM, YFP-R3a or YFP fusions to the R3a* variants, infiltrated <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaf tissue was examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Scale bar  = 50 µm.</p

R3a and R3a* variants expressed via the <i>R3a</i> promoter in transgenic plants protect the susceptible cultivar Ranger Russet from <i>P. infestans</i> strain P6752, which is heterozygous for AVR3a^KI and AVR3a^EM, but not from strain US-8 BF-6, which is homozygous for AVR3a^EM.

<p>Non-transgenic plants were used as a control for susceptibility. Transgenic plants expressing R3a or Rpi-vnt1 were used as positive controls for resistance to P6752 or US-8 BF-6, respectively. Representative plants were photographed at 11dpi.</p

Both YC-AVR3a^KI and YC-AVR3a^EM when co-expressed with YN-R3a* fusions give vesicle associated YFP fluorescence like YC-AVR3a^KI and YN-R3a, whereas YC-AVR3a^EM and YN-R3a do not.

<p>Two days after infiltration of mixtures of <i>Agrobacterium</i> cultures designed to express YC-AVR3a^KI, YC-AVR3^EM, YN-R3a or YN fusions to the R3a* variants, infiltrated <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaf tissue was examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Representative images from two experiments. Scale bar  = 50 µm.</p

R3a and R3a* variants expressed from <i>Agrobacterium</i> reduce the spread of a <i>P. infestans</i> strain expressing AVR3a^KI, but not the spread of a strain expressing only AVR3a^EM.

<p>(a) Means of lesion diameters measured 12 days after drop inoculation of agro-infiltrated areas with strain 7804.b (KI/KI). (b) Means of lesion diameters measured 8 days after drop inoculation of agro-infiltrated areas with strain 88069 (EM/EM). (a) and (b) show representative experiments from sets of three and five repeated experiments, respectively. For both (a) and (b), error bars show +/− standard errors, N = 30. EVC indicates empty vector control.</p