The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Understanding Human Security

Since the end of the Cold War, security studies have broadened to take into account a wide range of non-military threats ranging from poverty to environmental concerns rather than just national defense. Security scholars, backed by international organizations and a growing number of national governments, have developed the concept of Human Security, focusing on the welfare of ordinary people against a broad range of threats. This has aroused vigorous debate. Part I of this paper proposes an analytical model of Human Security. Part II argues that it is important to measure how ordinary people perceive risks, moving beyond state-centric notions of Human Security. We examine new evidence, drawing upon survey items specially designed to monitor perceptions of Human Security, included for the first time in the 6th wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), with fieldwork conducted in 2010-2012. Part III demonstrates that people distinguish three dimensions: national, community, and personal security and then explores some structural determinants driving these perceptions. Part IV discusses why perceptions of Human Security matter, in particular for explaining cultural values and value change around the world. The conclusion argues that the shift from a narrow focus on military security toward the broader concept of Human Security is a natural response to the changing challenges facing developed societies, in which the cost-benefit ratio concerning war has become negative and cultural changes have made war less acceptable. In this setting, valid measures of perceptions of Human Security have become essential, both to understand the determinants of Human Security among ordinary people, and to analyze their consequences.

Review of Payne Kenneth, Strategy, Evolution, and War: From Apes to Artificial Intelligence

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153737/1/pops12597_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153737/2/pops12597.pd

Individualism, Autonomy and Self-Expression: The Human Development Syndrome

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/89924/1/inglehart__oyserman__2004.pd

Economic Uncertainty and European Solidarity: Public Opinion Trends

Impressive growth in public support for the European Community took place during the decade follow ing its founding; there is reason to believe that this development was partly due to the exceptional prosperity then prevailing in the Community's member nations. Con versely, there is evidence that the troubled economic conditions present since expansion of the Community in 1973 have had the opposite effect—subject to some important limiting factors. Analysis of public opinion survey data re veals a positive correlation between support for Community membership and a given nation's level of industrial pro duction at a given time point; and a negative correla tion with rates of inflation. Nevertheless, long-term in fluences seem to dominate the effects of the immediate economic context. Among these long-term factors, length of membership in the Community seems particularly important. But the presence of "Post-Materialist" value priorities, and of relatively high levels of "Cognitive Mobilization" also show significant linkages with public support for European integration.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68039/2/10.1177_000271627844000108.pd

A REVOLUÇÃO SILENCIOSA NA EUROPA: MUDANÇA INTERGERACIONAL NAS SOCIEDADES PÓSINDUSTRIAIS

O presente artigo investiga a hipótese de que houve uma alteração intergeracional nos valores fundamentaisem determinados setores das populações de alguns países da Europa Ocidental desde a II Guerra Mundial;tais valores mudaram da opção por segurança econômica e ordem social (valores “aquisitivos”) para aexpressão intelectual e artística, bem como por mudanças sociais radicais (valores “pós-burgueses”). Ahipótese foi testada por meio da aplicação de um questionário em diversos grupos sociais. Embora osrespondentes “pós-burgueses” sejam de modo geral jovens, o argumento desenvolvido aqui é que não setrata de uma característica de uma fase de vida mais aberta a mudanças e sem ônus familiares e sociais:trata-se, sim, de uma alteração profunda dos valores, em virtude da afluência econômica característicados países da Europa Ocidental após 1945. Essa mudança de valores influencia também as atividadespolíticas e as preferências político-partidárias, permitindo em particular o surgimento e a afirmação da“nova esquerda”

Response to Borg and Bergermaier

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43704/1/11205_2004_Article_BF00300658.pd

Research in Context: Measuring Value Change

Abramson and Inglehart find a significant trend toward postmaterialist values in Western Europe, which they argue is largely driven by the gradual processes of generational replacement. Clarke, Dutt, and Rapkin argue that this trend is a methodological artifact of the wording of Inglehart's four-item measure of materialist/ postmaterialist values. They claim that because this battery does not include a question about unemployment, in periods of high unemployment respondents tend to choose postmaterialist goals. The long-term trend toward postmaterialism in Western Europe, they argue, results from rising levels of unemployment during the past two decades. Abramson and Inglehart point out that increases in inflation have a short-term impact on decreasing postmaterialism, but maintain that the positive relationship between unemployment and postmaterialism is spurious. As this analysis shows, Clarke, Dutt, and Rapkin find a positive relationship between unemployment and postmaterialism by building a model that has little theoretical justification and that is not robust to changes in specification. As this analysis demonstrates, unemployment is actually linked with support for materialist goals, and the trend toward post-materialism is robust in the face of alternative time frames, models, and specifications. The weight of the evidence demonstrates that the long-term trend toward postmaterialism in Western Europe is driven by generational replacement.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45487/1/11109_2004_Article_423943.pd

Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91196/1/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x.pd

The structure of subjective well-being in nine western societies

The structure of subjective well-being is analyzed by multidimensional mapping of evaluations of life concerns. For example, one finds that evaluations of Income are close to (i.e., relatively strongly related to) evaluations of Standard of living, but remote from (weakly related to) evaluations of Health. These structures show how evaluations of life components fit together and hence illuminate the psychological meaning of life quality. They can be useful for determining the breadth of coverage and degree of redundancy of social indicators of perceived well-being. Analyzed here are data from representative sample surveys in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, and the United States (each N≈1000). Eleven life concerns are considered, including Income, Housing, Job, Health, Leisure, Neighborhood, Transportation, and Relations with other people. It is found that structures in all of these countries have a basic similarity and that the European countries tend to be more similar to one another than they are to USA. These results suggest that comparative research on subjective well-being is feasible within this group of nations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43699/1/11205_2004_Article_BF00305437.pd