Imposing criteria for the Other obligations within the conditioned opportunity for youth in conflict with the law

Donošenjem novog Zakona o sudovima za mladež 2011. godine, uvele su se promjene u zakonodavstvu i unaprijedili zakonski okviri za intervencije prema maloljetnim i mlađim punoljetnim počiniteljima kaznenih djela. Jedna od tih promjena bila je uvođenje nove posebne obveze „Drugih obveza koje su primjerene s obzirom na počinjeno kazneno djelo i osobne i obiteljske prilike maloljetnika“ koja se osim na sudu, može naložiti i u okviru uvjetovanog oportuniteta u skladu s čl. 72. st. 1. u prethodnom postupku. Drugim riječima, riječ je o mjeri kojom državni odvjetnik može uvjetovati nepokretanje kaznenog postupka, a koja omogućava individualizaciju pristupa u vidu odgovora na specifične potrebe maloljetnika i modalitete kaznenog djela. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati kriterije za odabir i nalaganje „Drugih obveza“ u prethodnom postupku pri općinskim državnim odvjetništvima u Zagrebu i Splitu, ali i neka obilježja procesa provedbe te posebne obveze kao i njene uspješnosti. Podaci su prikupljeni analizom dokumentacije, kroz analizu spisa predmeta od 2011. do 2018. godine u kojima je korištena mjera „Drugih obveza“. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje određene sličnosti u praksi s obzirom na kriterije za odabir „Drugih obveza“, ali i razlike u modalitetima naloženih obveza na ova dva državna odvjetništva. Također, ukazali su na visoku razinu uspješnosti analiziranih naloženih mjera, sukladno kojoj većina predmeta rezultira odbačajem prijave, odnosno nepokretanjem sudskog postupka.By adopting the new Juvenile Courts Act in 2011, legislative changes were introduced that significantly improved the legal frameworks for interventions towards juvenile offenders. One of the changes was the introduction of a new special obligation called "Other obligations appropriate to the committed criminal offense and the personal and familiary circumstances of juveniles". Said obligation may be instructed not only during court proceedings, but also during preliminary procedures within the context of conditional opportunity, in accordance with Article 72 of the Juvenile Courts Act. In other words, it allows the state attorney to condition the deferral of court proceedings, which enables an idividually tailored response of the justice system to the specific needs of the juvenile offenders and the modalities of the criminal offenses. The aim of this research was to examine the imposing criteria for the „Other obligations“ within the conditioned opportunity at the state attorney's offices in Zagreb and Split. Relevant data was collected by analyzing documentation, specifically case files from 2011 to 2018 where "Other obligations" were instructed. Results have indentified similarities in practice regarding the imposing criteria for "Other obligations", but also pointed out the differences in the modalities of the selected obligations. Furthermore, they showed that the selected „Other obligations“ had high levels of successful executions, which lead to the majority of cases being resolved by applying the principle of conditioned opportunity

Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Novel Furochromenes

A series of variously substituted furochromenes, hemiacetals 2, acetals 3, and rearranged compounds 4, were synthesized from variously substituted 4-hydroxycoumarins and evaluated in several in vitro assays, inhibition of mast cell degranulation induced by the activation of Fcε receptor type I or calci-um ionophore and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) inhibition. The most active derivatives, 3p and 4p (8-iso-propyl substitution in coumarin ring) and 3r (5-methyl-8-chloro substitution), showed significant inhibition of mast cell degranulation (Fctriggered) and LTB4, and exhibited significant local anti-inflammatory activity in PMA induced ear edema in CD1 mice, with potency equal (compounds 3p and 4p) or better (compound 3r) in comparison with zileuton, a reference drug used. It might be a promising direction for developing novel drugs as potential agents for the treatment of allergies and other inflammatory diseases.(doi: 10.5562/cca2240

Imposing criteria for the Other obligations within the conditioned opportunity for youth in conflict with the law

Donošenjem novog Zakona o sudovima za mladež 2011. godine, uvele su se promjene u zakonodavstvu i unaprijedili zakonski okviri za intervencije prema maloljetnim i mlađim punoljetnim počiniteljima kaznenih djela. Jedna od tih promjena bila je uvođenje nove posebne obveze „Drugih obveza koje su primjerene s obzirom na počinjeno kazneno djelo i osobne i obiteljske prilike maloljetnika“ koja se osim na sudu, može naložiti i u okviru uvjetovanog oportuniteta u skladu s čl. 72. st. 1. u prethodnom postupku. Drugim riječima, riječ je o mjeri kojom državni odvjetnik može uvjetovati nepokretanje kaznenog postupka, a koja omogućava individualizaciju pristupa u vidu odgovora na specifične potrebe maloljetnika i modalitete kaznenog djela. Cilj istraživanja je ispitati kriterije za odabir i nalaganje „Drugih obveza“ u prethodnom postupku pri općinskim državnim odvjetništvima u Zagrebu i Splitu, ali i neka obilježja procesa provedbe te posebne obveze kao i njene uspješnosti. Podaci su prikupljeni analizom dokumentacije, kroz analizu spisa predmeta od 2011. do 2018. godine u kojima je korištena mjera „Drugih obveza“. Rezultati su pokazali da postoje određene sličnosti u praksi s obzirom na kriterije za odabir „Drugih obveza“, ali i razlike u modalitetima naloženih obveza na ova dva državna odvjetništva. Također, ukazali su na visoku razinu uspješnosti analiziranih naloženih mjera, sukladno kojoj većina predmeta rezultira odbačajem prijave, odnosno nepokretanjem sudskog postupka.By adopting the new Juvenile Courts Act in 2011, legislative changes were introduced that significantly improved the legal frameworks for interventions towards juvenile offenders. One of the changes was the introduction of a new special obligation called "Other obligations appropriate to the committed criminal offense and the personal and familiary circumstances of juveniles". Said obligation may be instructed not only during court proceedings, but also during preliminary procedures within the context of conditional opportunity, in accordance with Article 72 of the Juvenile Courts Act. In other words, it allows the state attorney to condition the deferral of court proceedings, which enables an idividually tailored response of the justice system to the specific needs of the juvenile offenders and the modalities of the criminal offenses. The aim of this research was to examine the imposing criteria for the „Other obligations“ within the conditioned opportunity at the state attorney's offices in Zagreb and Split. Relevant data was collected by analyzing documentation, specifically case files from 2011 to 2018 where "Other obligations" were instructed. Results have indentified similarities in practice regarding the imposing criteria for "Other obligations", but also pointed out the differences in the modalities of the selected obligations. Furthermore, they showed that the selected „Other obligations“ had high levels of successful executions, which lead to the majority of cases being resolved by applying the principle of conditioned opportunity