14 research outputs found
What is "rhetoricâ anyway? Briared in words in Early China
The present article explores the applicability of the term "rhetoricâ in a non-Western context and, in particular, the legitimacy of such an attempt in the case of Early China, where the Warring States period is traditionally considered as the golden age of early Chinese "rhetoricâ. The pre-imperial and early imperial received literature provides good evidence for the employment of a well-established and clearly defined set of argumentative techniques in everyday political practice in ancient China. No handbook on such techniques has been handed down, and a proper term to define them as part of a broader, more structured activity that could match Western "rhetoricâ does not appear until the medieval period. The article argues, however, that by applying a more fluid concept of "rhetoricâ and by extending its scope beyond and across cultural boundaries it is not only possible but also legitimate to a certain extent to talk about a rhetorical tradition in the case of ancient China as wel
Political rhetoric in the HĂĄn FÄizÇ ééć
Persuasion is one of the main rhetorical techniques employed in debates by early Chinese âwandering persuaders,â as it is attested by several examples preserved in Classical Chinese pre-imperial and early imperial politico-philosophical literature. The present article contributes to the study of persuasion by providing a detailed structural analysis of one of the most famous texts that openly deals with this technique, Chapter 12 âShuĂŹnĂĄnâ èȘȘéŁ (The Difficulties of Persuasion) of the composite âMasters textâHĂĄn FÄizÇééć. Through such analysis, the article discloses the complex, multi-layered underlying rhetorical structure of the text, and the thick network of conceptual cross-references that are established among its different sections through the ingenious distribution of different kinds of text-structuring elements. As the present case study will show, this type of analysis is an invaluable hermeneutic tool that provides a substantial contribution to a better and fuller understanding of Classical Chinese texts
Estimation of gestational age from fundal height: a solution for resource-poor settings
Many women in resource-poor settings lack access to reliable gestational age assessment because they do not know their last menstrual period; there is no ultrasound (US) and methods of newborn gestational age dating are not practised by birth attendants. A bespoke multiple-measures model was developed to predict the expected date of delivery determined by US. The results are compared with both a linear and a nonlinear model. Prospectively collected early US and serial symphysis-pubis fundal height (SFH) data were used in the models. The data were collected from Karen and Burmese women attending antenatal care on the ThaiâBurmese border. The multiple-measures model performed best, resulting in a range of accuracy depending on the number of SFH measures recorded per mother (for example six SFH measurements resulted in a prediction accuracy of ±2 weeks). SFH remains the proxy for gestational age in much of the resource-poor world. While more accurate measures should be encouraged, we demonstrate that a formula that incorporates at least three SFH measures from an individual mother and the slopes between them provide a significant increase in the accuracy of prediction compared with the linear and nonlinear formulae also using multiple SFH measures
Textual criticism of the Gongsun Longzi: The Daozong and Shuofu editions
The present article compares the two principal received editions of the Gongsun Longzi in the Daozang and the Shuofu collections. Exploring the considerable number of textual variants between these two editions, the analysis challenges the acknowledged status of the Daozang as the superior version. Instead, both the Daozang and the Shuofu editions are at times inferior or superior to one another. Therefore, in the interpretation of the Gongsun Longzi both editions need to be consulted in order to unravel certain obscure passages. Altogether, due to the generally high degree of coherence between the two editions, the understanding of the Gongsun Longzi is significantly affected by textual variants only in a limited number of cases. This further suggests that the Daozang and Shuofu editions do not represent two separate lines of transmission but rather two textual witnesses of a common line.
â©Cet article compare les deux principales Ă©ditions reçues du Gongsun Longzi, recueillies respectivement dans le Daozang et dans le Shuofu. Lâanalyse des multiples variantes textuelles entre les deux versions conduit Ă remettre en question la supĂ©rioritĂ© gĂ©nĂ©ralement admise de celle du Daozang. En rĂ©alitĂ©, chacune des deux Ă©ditions est suivant les cas supĂ©rieure ou infĂ©rieure Ă lâautre. Pour interprĂ©ter le Gongsun Longzi il convient par consĂ©quent de consulter lâune et lâautre si lâon veut Ă©claircir certains passages obscurs. Dans la mesure oĂč dans lâensemble les deux Ă©ditions prĂ©sentent un degrĂ© Ă©levĂ© de cohĂ©rence entre elles, les cas oĂč la comprĂ©henÂsion du texte est affectĂ©e de façon significative par les variantes restent finalement peu nombreux. Ce qui suggĂšre que les versions du Daozang et du Shuofu reprĂ©sentent non pas deux lignĂ©es sĂ©parĂ©es de transmission, mais plutĂŽt deux tĂ©moignages dâune seule et mĂȘme lignĂ©e
What is rhetoric anyway? Briared in words in Early China
The present article explores the applicability of the term ârhetoricâ in a non-Western context and, in particular, the legitimacy of such an attempt in the case of Early China, where the Warring States period is traditionally considered as the golden age of early Chinese ârhetoricâ. The pre-imperial and early imperial received literature provides good evidence for the employment of a well-established and clearly defined set of argumentative techniques in everyday political practice in ancient China. No handbook on such techniques has been handed down, and a proper term to define them as part of a broader, more structured activity that could match Western ârhetoricâ does not appear until the medieval period. The article argues, however, that by applying a more fluid concept of ârhetoricâ and by extending its scope beyond and across cultural boundaries it is not only possible but also legitimate to a certain extent to talk about a rhetorical tradition in the case of ancient China as well
VIDINIS IR IĆ ORINIS PASAULIAI: DAIKTĆČ, MATERIJOS IR PROTO PRIGIMTIS PAGAL GĆNGSĆȘN LĂNGZÇ
The present study provides an overview of the narrative of cognition as described in a largely understudied Classical Chinese philosophical text, the GĆngsĆ«n Longzi, drawing meaningful comparisons with other works traditionally associated with the Logiciansâ (mingjiÄ) trend of thought. The GĆngsĆ«n Longz especially provides a substantial contribution to our understanding of knowledge construction processes in early China. According to the text, the mind has the ability to operate distinctions. It breaks reality down into meaningful, manageable units, and classifies these units according to appropriate categories. As will be shown, such ability is not only necessary for the individual to cognize the world, but also sufficient to ensure univocal correspondence between names and actualities.Ć iame straipsnyje apĆŸvelgiamas paĆŸinimo naratyvas, pateikiamas nepelnytai maĆŸo dÄmesio sulaukusiame klasikiniame kinĆł filosofijos tekste GĆngsĆ«n LĂłngzÇ. Jis lyginamas su kitais tekstas, priskiriamais vadinamajai logikĆł (mĂngjiÄ) minties krypÄiai. GĆngsĆ«n LĂłngzÇ itin svarbus paĆŸinimo konstravimo procesams senovÄs Kinijoje suprasti. Pagal ĆĄÄŻ tekstÄ
, protas turi gebÄjimÄ
veikti distinkcijomis. Jis suskaido tikrovÄ ÄŻ prasmingus, suvaldomus vienetus ir juos klasifikuoja pagal atitinkamas kategorijas. Straipsnyje parodoma, kad toks gebÄjimas yra ne tik bĆ«tinas individo pasaulio paĆŸinimui, bet ir pakankamas, kad uĆŸtikrintĆł vienareikĆĄmÄŻ vardĆł ir tikrovÄs atitikimÄ