Histopathology of Heart and Spleen as a Result of Chromium Exposure in Mice

Potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7) contains hexavalent chromium that was tested for cardiac and splenic histopathology and micro anatomical and morphometric analysis at sub-toxic chronic exposure in drinking water in mice at 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm concentration. Its duration of exposure was 30 days. The forty animals were divided into 4 groups as Group I was designated as Control (Ctl) received free normal drinking water, other groups (Group II-IV) were Cr (VI)50 ppm, Cr(VI)100 ppm, Cr(VI)200 ppm received 50, 100 and 200 ppm chromium in drinking water respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 30 days of exposure to obtain the heart and spleen for histological preparation. The digital photographs obtained from selected slides were analyzed histo-anatomically. Considerable decrease in red pulp of spleen was observed in Cr(VI)50 ppm (8.07±0.76), Cr(VI)100 ppm (7.74±0.30) and Cr(VI)200 ppm (7.35±0.65) in a dose dependent manner as compared to Ctl (8.24±0.86). Relative cell abundance in red pulp of Cr(VI)50 ppm (0.81±0.13), Cr(VI)100 ppm (0.65±0.16) and Cr(VI)200 ppm (0.6±0.1) was decreasing as compared to Ctl group (1.47±0.20). However, interestingly white pulp of spleen was increased in Cr (VI)50 ppm (1.31±0.15), Cr(VI)100 ppm (1.47±0.10) and Cr(VI)200 ppm (1.72±0.15) in dose dependent manner as compared to Ctl (1.55±0.15). While heart tissue indicate variation in the mean cross sectional area (CSA) of the cardiac fibers along with damaged to end plates, merger of the adjacent fibers necrosis followed by fibrosis in the myocardial myometrium. The results shows clear impression that persistent low concentration (50 ppm)chromium exposure in drinking water can be dangerous to myometrium leading to congestive heart problems, cardiac failure, brady cardia along with many hematological implications

Ameliorations of Olea Ferruginea Fruit Pulp Extract in CCl4 induced Testicular Pathology in Mice

In present study the testicular histo-ameliorations of wild olive (Olea ferruginea) fruit pulp extract (OFPE) against intra-gastric CCl4 exposure in mice was investigated. Thirty male albino mice were allocated into three groups of ten each: 1) Vehicle control (Vc); 2) CCl4 (C); and 3) CCl4+ Olea ferruginea (COf). All groups, except the Vc, were administered CCl4 (0.1mL of a 0.2mLkg−1 solution) in corn oil. Over the subsequent five days, the COf group received 0.1mL of Olea ferruginea plant extract (OFPE) daily, while the Vc and CCl4 groups were provided water in place of OFPE. Testes were recovered at day 7. Within the CCl4 group, there was significant misalignment of spermatogenic cells, such as spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and tailless sperm heads, observed in the seminiferous tubules, along with a concomitant depletion of interstitial tissue. Partial recovery of the interstitial and spermatogonial density and realignment of spermatogenic cells were seen in COf group. Nevertheless, aggregates of dislocated spermatogenic cells were present in the middle of the seminiferous tubules. Micrometric analysis showed significant decrease (P \u3c 0.05) in cross-sectional area (CSA) of the seminiferous tubules in COf than the Vc and Cgroups. Contrary to the sperm tail length the CSA’s of spermatogenic cell were significantly higher in C than the Vc and COf groups. So results show that OFPE can rescue the ruined testicular parameters of CCl4 exposure

Biochemical Markers of Liver Toxicity among Coal Mine Workers of Punjab, Pakistan Suffering from HCV

Hepatitis C is among the leading hepatic disorders in current period through which about 3 % world population has been anguish among them 170 million were diagnosed as persistent carriers. A great range of alteration in liver biochemical parameters were found to be allied with HCV infestation. Current study was designed to evaluate the extent of HCV mediated abnormalities in liver biochemical markers which includes ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate transaminase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and serum bilirubin. The study was conducted on coal miners of Punjab province, Pakistan. HCV was primarily diagnosed through one step rapid test device after which positive samples were confirmed through ELISA. Biochemical markers were determined through Autoanalyzer by using standard procedure provided with spinreact kits. Simple linear regression analysis significantly explained 24 %, 56.2 %, 68.8 % and 56 % variance in ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate transaminase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and serum bilirubin level among HCV positive coal mine workers respectively. Results have clearly indicated significant correlation between HCV seropositivity and liver biochemical markers. Findings of present study conclude monitoring of liver biochemical markers is crucial during HCV infectivity as it represents the degree of impairment in liver functioning. In addition to this elevation in these diagnostic markers could points toward the presence of HCV in respective individual

Histo-anatomical mutilations of developing chick brain induced by in-ovo fluoride and bifenthrin exposure

Comparative developing brain histo-anatomical pathologies of Fluoride ions and Bifenthrin in-ovo exposures were explored in the golden black variety of domestic chick. Three exposure groups were –the Vehicle control group (Vg); Fluoride (F) group and the Bifenthrin (Bn) group each with forty fertilized eggs and received their respective group treatment at zero day of incubation. Embryos were extracted, dissected from head region and the embryonic whole brains were recovered after 14 days of incubation. The embryonic brains were preserved in bouin fixative for 24 h for further studies. The morphological results show the atrophied and hypertrophied embryonic brain in F and Bn groups respectively as compared to Vg group. The toxicological signs of encephalic anatomy and histology of F and Bn exposure were the enlarged third ventricles, optocoeles and arachnoid mater, encephalic spongiosis and decreased neuroglial density. The morphometric data showed significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in mean weight and density of whole brain in F and Bn groups compared Vg. The mean length and width of whole brain in F were significantly lower than that of the Bn and Vg. whereas, the mean breadth of third ventricle in Bn remained significantly lower than F and Vg groups. On the other hand, the mean breadth of optocoele and fourth ventricle in F and Bn groups remained significantly higher than Vg. Conversely the mean optic lobe wall thickness in F remained significantly lower than Bn and Vg. Additionally, the mean neuronal density in diencephalon, optic lobe and cerebellum in F group and Bn group remained significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower than Vg. Results show that low dose in-ovo fluoride or bifenthrin exposure may cause neuro-developmental abnormalities in the developing chick embryos indicating that the Fluoride-ions and Bifenthrin harbor strong developmental neurotoxic capacity

Amelioration by Morus Nigra Fruit Extract on Testes, Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatic Cells by Chromium Induced Histopathologies in Mice

Male toxicology in terms of histopathology of testes, histometery of seminiferous tubules and various spermatic cells against short-term hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) exposure & their ameliorations upon post treatment of Morus nigra fruit pulp extract (MnFPE) were studied. There were 3 groups of animals named as 1. Control (C) group: received free normal drinking water for 15 days; 2. Chromium (Cr VI) group: received hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) in drinking water for 10 days; 3. Chromium+Morus nigra (Cr VI+Mn) group: received Cr(VI) in drinking water for 10 days; additionally received 0.2mL MnFPE twice a day for next 5 days. The whole study duration was 15 days and animals of all groups were dissected at day 16th. Histopathological results shows drastic pathological changes in testicular tissue on chromium Cr(VI) exposure group like necrosis of interstitial tissues, ruptured seminiferous tubules, scattered spermatogonia and dislodged spermatogenic cells, increased number of clubs headed sperms and lack of tail in dislodged parrot beak headed spermatozoa in Cr(VI) treated group. Most of these pathological signs were recovered effectively in Cr(VI)+Mn group. Histometeric results give a strong evidence for the above mentioned histological results. Most of these micrometric alterations were found in Cr(VI) group were addressed properly in Cr(VI)+Mn group. These findings suggest that MnFPE has got curative properties against short-term hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) exposure

Basella alba, Grewia asiatica, Solanum nigrum and Ficus carica fruit extracts ameliorate the testicular histopathology induced by CCl4 exposure in albino mice: An experimental study

Background: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is extensively used in various industries and induces oxidative stress in humans. Unfortunately, it is one of the neglected potent male reproductive toxicants. Objective: The present research reports the testicular histopathology of CCl4 and ameliorations by four medicinal fruit pulp extracts (FPEs) in mice. Materials and Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (10/group) as per the following: 1. Vehicle control (Vc); 2. CCl4 (C); 3-6. CCl4+Basella alba (CBa), CCl4+Solanum nigrum (CSn), CCl4+Ficus carica (CFc) and CCl4+Grewia asiatica (CGa). Except for the control group, CCl4 (0.1 mL of 0.2 mL kg−1) was given to the animals in corn oil. The four plant extracts (0.1 mL each) were respectively given to the relevant FPE group animals for the next five consecutive days, while the animals in the Vc and CCl4 groups received water instead of FPE. Results: The CCl4 exposure led to various histometric and histological alterations (loss of interstitial tissue and various dislodged tailless spermatids with enlarged heads) that were recovered in all except Solanum nigrum FPE mice post-treatment. The micrometric data of testicular sections also indicated significant decline in the number of spermatogonia, while the cross-sectional area of the sperm heads remained significantly higher in the CSn and C groups. Conclusion: Except for Solanum nigrum, the three FPEs, especially Ficus carica, showed rehabilitative properties against CCl4 exposure-related modifications in testicular histopathologies. Key words: Basella alba, Grewia asiatica, Solanum nigrum, Ficus carica, testis

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-ulcerogenic potentials of synthetic indole derivatives

Abstract A large number of new synthetic compounds are synthesized in the field of heterocyclic chemistry having a variety of biological potentials. In the present study, some synthetic indole derivatives are used to check anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and gastroprotective activity in albino mice. Albino mice of either sex of reproductive age were used for each study (n = 5). In anti-inflammatory activity, the negative control (NC) and positive control group animals were treated with normal saline and 10 mg/kg of indomethacin respectively. The treated groups received the twenty four different synthetic chemicals, after 30 min of sub cutaneous injection of carrageenan. In analgesic activity, hot-plate method is used and for each group the latency period was recorded at zero moment of the provision of required dose and after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min. In anti-pyretic activity, Pyrexia was induced by using Brewer's yeast method. Before any treatment and then after duration of 18 h, the rectal temperatures were recorded. Among all the chemicals, only those chemicals which show any potential related to above mentioned activities were selected for gastroprotective activity. The gastroprotective activity was performed to check the gastric ulcers by using 300 mg/kg of single oral dose of indomethacin to animals of all groups except NC group. This study helped to screen out the most potent indole derivatives 3a-II and 4a-II from the 24 synthetic indole derivatives which demonstrated the best biological potential (anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and gastroprotection) as compared to the remaining ones. The micrometric and biochemical results also support the histological findings. Out of the twenty-four novel indole amines tested, 3a-II and 4a-II have shown the effective pharmacological capacity and additionally have not shown any overt and systemic toxicity. Thus these two indole amines need further in-depth pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies before they are recommended for any pre-clinical trial