Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin STEM’e ve Artırılmış Gerçeklik Uygulamalarına Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi1

Bu araştırmanın amacı ortaokul öğrencilerinin STEM’e ve artırılmış gerçeklik uygu- lamalarına yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmada yakınsayan paralel karma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Marmara Bölgesi’nde bir ilde bulunan iki devlet okulunun 5, 6, 7 ve 8. sınıfında eğitim görmekte olan toplamda 504 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, artırılmış gerçeklik uygulamalarına yönelik derinleme- sine bilgi almak amacıyla üçü 7. sınıf, ikisi 5. sınıf, üçü 6. sınıf ve ikisi 8. sınıfta eğitim gören toplam 10 öğrenci ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları incelendiğinde, öğrencilerin 21. yüzyıl becerileri boyutu ile matematik, fen, mühendislik ve teknoloji boyutu ve AG uygulamalarını yeterli derecede bilmedikleri ve bu uygulamalara dahil olmadıkları tespit edilmiştir

The Relationship Between Defence Expenditure, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investments: The Case of BRICS and MINT Countries

This study examines the relationship among trade openness, foreign direct investments and defence expenditures for the BRICS and MINT countries in the 1990-2019 period. As analysis method, it was estimated by Pesaran (2008) Cross-Section Dependency test, Hadri-Kuruzomi (2012) panel unit root test, Pesaran (2006) CCE test and Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) panel causality tests. According to the test findings, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between defense expenditures and foreign direct investments for BRICS countries. In addition, for MINT countries, there is a one-way causality relationship from defense expenditures to foreign direct investments and from trade openness to defense expenditures. Keywords: Defence Expenditures, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment, Panel Causality Analysis. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-4-01 Publication date: February 28th 202

The Causality Between Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Turkey: The Period of 1960-2011

This study tries to analyze the causal relationship between financial development and energy consumption for Turkey. Data set covering the period of 1960-2011 was used.. As financial development indicators, bank deposits and bank loans are used. In addition, per capita income which affects positively or negatively the financial development indicators and energy consumption is included in data set. As energy consumption data, energy consumption for per capita is employed. Johansen co-integration test and VAR Granger causality analysis has been employed in the study. According to one of the the results, there is no correlation between financial development and energy consumption in the long term. Other result says that there is a dual casuality between bank deposits, which is an indicator of financial development, and energy consumption in the short run. An increase in bank deposits raises energy consumption and a decrease in bank deposits reduces energy consumption. Likewise, while energy consumption contributes an increase in bank deposits, reduction of energy consumption will lead to a reduction in bank deposit