The Relationship Between Defence Expenditure, Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investments: The Case of BRICS and MINT Countries

This study examines the relationship among trade openness, foreign direct investments and defence expenditures for the BRICS and MINT countries in the 1990-2019 period. As analysis method, it was estimated by Pesaran (2008) Cross-Section Dependency test, Hadri-Kuruzomi (2012) panel unit root test, Pesaran (2006) CCE test and Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) panel causality tests. According to the test findings, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between defense expenditures and foreign direct investments for BRICS countries. In addition, for MINT countries, there is a one-way causality relationship from defense expenditures to foreign direct investments and from trade openness to defense expenditures. Keywords: Defence Expenditures, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment, Panel Causality Analysis. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-4-01 Publication date: February 28th 202

Quality of life in allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Although nasal and nonnasal symptoms are directly attributable to inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, individuals also experience generalized symptoms that include fatigue, mood changes, depression, anxiety and impairments of work and school performance, and cognitive function. Health-related quality of life focuses on patients’ perceptions of their disease and measures impairments that have a significant impact on the patient. The burden of disease, as the patient perceives it, forms the basic motivation to seek medical aid or to undergo therapy. Adherence to therapy requires changes in health, perceived by patients as relevant and outweighing eventual disadvantages of intervention. Because so many factors are involved in health-related quality of life, there are multiple ways in which it can be measured. A variety of validated and standardized questionnaires have been developed including assessments of school performance, work performance, productivity, and other parameters that quantify the impact of allergic rhinitis and its treatment on quality of life. The aim of this review is to highlight the impact of allergic rhinitis on the quality of life and to analyze the most commonly used health-related quality of life instruments