An Application of the Multi-Level Heuristic for the Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle Routing Problem

The Multi-Level heuristic is used to investigate the heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problem (HFVRP). The initial solution for the Multi-Level heuristic is obtained by Dijkstra's algorithm based on a cost network constructed by the sweep algorithm and the 2-opt procedure. The proposed algorithm uses a number of local search operators such as swap, 1-0 insertion, 2-opt, and Dijkstra's Algorithm. In addition, in order to improve the search process, a diversification procedure is applied. The proposed algorithm is thentested on the data sets from the literature

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Melalui Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Di Kelas V SDN 2 Limbo Makmur Kecamatan Bumi Raya

Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah kurangnya keterlibatan siswa secara langsung dalam proses pembelajaran, dimana siswa hanya sebagai pendengar dan pencatat dari apa yang disampaikan guru. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah Apakah penerapan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa melalui strategi pembelajaran berbasis masalah pada mata pelajaran IPS di kelas V SDN 2 Limbo makmur kecamatan Bumi raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pembelajaran berbasis masalah dengan jenis penelitian tindakan. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pada hasil tes akhir pembelajaran terhadap belajar siswa pada siklus I belum mengacu pada indikator keberhasilan yaitu hanya mencapai nilai rata-rata 52,31 dengan ketuntasan belajar klasikal 7,7% atau sebanyak 2 orang siswa yang memperoleh nilai 70. Sedangkan pada hasil tes siklus II menunjukkan peningkatan atau dengan kata lain indikator keberhasilan telah berhasil yaitu mencapai rata-rata 73,3 dengan ketuntasan belajar 80,77% berarti indikator keberhasilan telah tercapai yaitu apabila 75% siswa mendapatkan nilai 70. Atau 21 0rang siswa dikatakan kualifikasi baik, dengan demikian penggunaan Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasisi Masalah pada Mata Pelajaran IPS di Kelas V SDN 2 Limbo Makmur Kecamatan Bumi Raya dapat Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Pembelajaran IPS Dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar Di Kelas IV SD Inpres 2 Ambesia Kecamatan Tomini

Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran IPS. Dimana mengatasi masalah ini peneliti menerapkan pendekatan dengan media gambar sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV SD Inpres 2 Ambesia dalam pembelajaran IPS. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan alur perencanaan tindakan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV SD Inpres 2 Ambesia. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dalam setiap siklus. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data kualitatif dan data kuantitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan dua cara yakni tes dan observasi. Hasil yang diperoleh pada siklus I yaitu dari 20 orang siswa 15 siswa mengalami ketuntasan belajar dengan persentase ketuntasan klasikal 75% dan persentase daya serap klasikal 73,25%, hasil ini masih dalam kategori cukup namun masih ada kekurangan-kekurangan yang harus diperbaiki. Hasil yang diperoleh pada siklus II mengalami peningkatan, semua siswa mengalami ketuntasan belajar, dengan persentase ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 100 % dan persentase daya serap klasikal sebesar 83,50%. Nilai Rata-rata (NR) aktivitas guru pada siklus I masih berada pada kategori cukup dan siklus II sangat baik, serta NR aktivitas siswa pada siklus I cukup dan siklus II sangat baik. Berdasarkan pelaksanaan tindakan pada siklus I dan II, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa menggunakan model belajar kelompok dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas IV SD Inpres 2 Ambesia

Meningkatkan Prestasi Siswa Kelas V Belajar IPS Materi Sumber Daya Alam Dengan Menggunakan Belajar Kelompok Di SDN Wata Kec. Bungku Barat Kab. Morowali

Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah apakah dengan penerapan metode belajar kelompok pada pembelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V SDN Wata Kec. Bungku Barat Kab. Morowali? Pada pembebelajaran IPS. Rendahnya hasil belajar siswa, salah-satunya adalah strategi belajar yang digunakan guru dalam mengajarkan IPS, guru hendaknya melakukan pembelajaran dengan memvariasikan metode pembelajaran yang dirasa cukup sesuai yaitu dengan metode belajar kelompok untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V SDN Wata pelajaran IPS. Metode penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada pembelajaran IPS melalui penerapan metode belajar kelompok. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan desain penelitian Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Dimana setiap siklus dilaksanakan dua kali pertemuan dikelas dan setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SDN Wata melibatkan 24 orang siswa terdiri dari 9 laki-laki dan 15 orang perempuan yang terdaftar pada tahun 2013/2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tindakan siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata 62.08. Pada tindakan siklus II diperoleh nilai rata-rata siswa 66.95. Hal ini berarti pembelajaran pada siklus II telah memenuhi indikator keberhasilan dengan nilai daya serap klasikal minimal 65% dan ketuntasan belajar klasikal minimal 80%. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata daya serap klasikal dan ketuntasan belajar klasikal pada kegiatan pembelajaran siklus II, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbaikan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode belajar kelompok dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V pada pembelajaran IPS materi sumber daya alam di SDN Wata

Behavior of Ductile Beam with Addition Confinement in Compression Zone

AbstractThis paper explains the behavior of both reinforced concrete beams with and without confinement in compression zone to evaluate the influence of confinement in compression zone to the increasing of beam ductility. Four beams with reinforcement ratio ρ=1.9% and ρ=2.5% have been tested with monotonic loading. The results showed that an increase up to 300% in concrete strain for beams with confinement on the compression zone than beams without confinement. The increase also occurred in the load capacity and the curvature of beams with confinement, while the moment capacity did not show significant improvement

Improved Methods for Electroplating Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films

We report improved methods for electroplating cadmium sulfide (CMS) films. Aprevious problem was cracking/flaking of films deposited from organic solutions of elemental sulfur; attempts to improve adhesion via bath additives reduced grain size. Aqueous baths of thiosulfate ions yield cadmium-richness at low T temperatures (T), long deposition times, and/or poor bath stability. Developments in our work to be discussed include (1) plating ofuniform, adherent, and stoichiometric CdS from tetraethylene baths of CdCl 2 and elemental sulfur at T \u3e70° C with minimal cracking/flaking, (2) improved uniformity/ adherence by use of CdL\u3e, and (3) swept voltage methods in aqueous thiosulfate baths to plate stoichiometric (vs. Cd-rich) films near room temperature

Three Essays on International Mobility and Economic Development

This dissertation contains research on three topics in economic development. The main argument of this dissertation is that when societies interact, they learn new ideas, superior technologies, and new production processes from each other. Any barriers to this interaction can hurt the diffusion of ideas across nations. Chapter 1 tests the relationship between international travel and institutions. This paper features a neglected channel of institution convergence among countries, i.e., international travel. International travel clearly increases human interaction over space and exposes societies to foreign influences, foreign ideas, and foreign institutions. Does international travel promote institutional change in a traveler\u27s home country? This paper uses panel data on 149 countries from 1995-2012 to test the hypothesis of institutional convergence among countries stemming from international travel. Our instrumental variable results indicate that institutions are very persistent over time and that international travel itself is not a significant determinant of institution quality in the home country. However, institutional quality in host countries visited by travelers has a significant effect on home country institutions, and this effect increases with the number of travelers. In the system GMM settings, we do find evidence for institutional convergence among countries. Chapter 2 tests the relationship between mobility of international students and technology diffusion. This paper investigates whether foreign qualified students bring new ideas and technical expertise from abroad, disperse them, and stimulate aggregate productivity in their home countries. An instrumental variable is derived from a fitted gravity equation model. An unbalanced panel data of 111 countries during the period 1950-2012 shows that foreign education has a statistically significant effect on technology diffusion. The results are robust across different sub-samples and to the inclusion of other channels of technology diffusion. These findings should prove helpful to policy makers in developing economies to adopt more open education policies and to increase public spending on foreign education. Chapter 3 tests the relationship between barriers to international mobility and technology diffusion. Barriers to international mobility are the critical factors to impede the process of international technology diffusion. Using bilateral visa restrictions data from 30 host and 198 home countries over the period of 2001-2012, this paper shows that the international technology gap increases as the barriers to international mobility increase. These results are robust across three different measures of visa restrictions and even after taking care of econometric problem of endogeneity. The results suggest that visa facilitation programs by advanced countries could promote international technology diffusion

Electrodeposition of Copper Indium Sulfide Films from Organic Solutions

We report on organic solutions ofCuCl 2 ,InClg, and elemental sulfur for electrodepositing CuIn x Sv films. CuInS 2 and CuInSe 2 are promising solar cellmaterials; our work on CuInSg prefaces planned work on plating CuInSe 2 from nonaqueous solvents. Two promising solvent systems are (1) mixed propylcne carbonate and water and (2) mixed ethylene glycol, propionic acid, and water (Engelken et al., 1988). Gray-brown films ofCuInx Sy (nominally GuInS2 ) have been plated from both baths. Major problems include (1) reduction ofCu+2 to Cu and Cu x S by the solvent at high temperatures (T\u3el()0°C), hence depleting Cu+2,(2) poor adherence/uniformity, (3) controlling stoichiometry, and (4) sluggish indium deposition. The paper willdiscuss our routes to solving these problems and present filmdata

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET–VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF GLYCYRRHIZIN IN METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L

Objective: The pure form of glycyrrhizin was bought from Yucca Enterprises, Mumbai-37, India. The pure form of drug used in treatment of acne vulgaris disease. Pharmacognostical studies of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. indicated surprising antibacterial action against Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: A simple, rapid, accurate, precise, and economic spectrophotometric technique for estimation of glycyrrhizin in methanolic extract of G. glabra L. have been developed. Glycyrrhizin exhibit absorbance most at 254 nm when phosphate buffer (pH-6.8) methanol is used as solvent in 70:30 proportion, so absorbance was once measured at the identical wave lengths for the determination of glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin obeys the Beer Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 4–24 μg/ml. Results: This method was validated according to International Council for Harmonization guidelines and can be adopted for the general analysis of glycyrrhizin in hydroalcoholic extract of G. glabra. The approach is simple, rapid, safe, accurate, affordable, and beneficial for standardization of the licorice products. Conclusion: The results applied in the routine analysis and quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing glycyrrhizin