Revitalising Reserve Requirement In Banking Model: An Industrial Organisation Approach

The objective of reserve requirement as a policy tool is mainly to control money supply in the economy. However, the changes of reserve requirement also affect banks´ interest rates. Thus, the changes will have an effect on banking optimal behaviour in maximising profits. Using the industrial organisation approach, this paper will evaluate the Indonesian banking sector in the course of designing an unconventional reserve requirement policy that link a bank´s reserve requirement ratio to the bank´s loan to deposit ratio. When a bank´s loan to deposit ratio increases, the bank will have a smaller ratio of reserve requirement. This incentive mechanism was implemented to accomplish Bank Indonesia´s intentions of increasing loan growth and reducing the “excess liquidity” in the Indonesian banking sector. The paper reveals that the policy is effective in boosting bank loans and consequently decreasing excess liquidity. It also suggests that the policy could provide another tool for the central bank to impact bank liquidity in order to support financial system stability.

Elevated serum KL-6 in pediatric asthma exacerbation: a proof of alveolar injury

Background: Asthma is one of the most popular chronic diseases in children. It is defined as a complicated inflammatory disorder in which the patient suffers from chronic and persistent inflammation of the airways. The sialylated glycoprotein Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), one of the lung epithelium-specific proteins, has been recognized as a significant biomarker which directly associates with interstitial lung disease (ILD) pathogenesis, indicating the extent of damage and regeneration of type II pneumocytes. Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the degree of alveolar damage in asthmatic children with acute exacerbation as reflected by serum KL-6 levels. Methods: This cross-sectional controlled study included 50 patients with acute asthma exacerbation diagnosed as per the GINA guidelines definition and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy children as controls. Spirometry was done for all participants. Serum KL-6 level was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and total serum IgE level was measured via the electrochemiluminescence technology. Results: The asthma patients included 35 (70%) males and 15 (30%) females with mean age of 10.76 ±1.9 years. Forty-seven patients (94%) had a positive family history of bronchial asthma and 32 (64%) had other atopic manifestations The mean serum KL-6 level in patients was more than double the mean level of the control group (115.79 vs 55.64). No significant relation was observed between KL-6 serum level and age, family history of asthma, seasonal variation, or atopic manifestation among the cases. Serum total IgE levels were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Serum KL-6 levels in pediatric asthma patients may be a useful diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring the severity of airway inflammation. The use of serum KL-6 alone may help to differentiate between asthmatic patients in exacerbation and healthy controls

Abuse and the Role of the Human-Animal Bond

ABUSE AND THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND Background: Research has demonstrated an undeniable link between domestic violence and animal abuse. Currently, there are more than 71.4 million women in the United States who live in domestically violent households, while also owning at least one companion animal (Krienert,Walsh, Matthews & McConkey, 2012). Further research suggest that one-half to three-fourths of women who have fallen victim to domestic violence, have also reported that their companion animal(s) had been threatened, harmed or even killed by their abuser (Flynn, 2011). Problem: Despite the quantitative and qualitative data supporting the correlation between domestic violence and animal abuse, there is a lack of research addressing the significance of the human-animal bond that forms between the victims (both human and non-human) of the perpetrated abuse. Research: This study examines the role of the human-animal bond within domestically violent households, as well as the psychological and physiological affects this bond can have for women in domestic violent situations. In addition, this research demonstrates the correlation between the “perceived importance” of the human-animal bond by women in domestically violent households, and the likelihood that their abuser will seek out their companion animal(s) as an additional target for abuse. One study conducted in a women’s shelter found that the perceived importance of the human-animal bond was so significant that 40% of the shelter women who made the decision to leave their abuser admitted that they delayed their decision to leave due to concerns regarding the wellbeing of their pet(s), of these women, more than 60% of them delayed their decision by more than two months (Faver & Strand, 2003). Lastly, this study exposes the detrimental affects that can precipitate when women in domestically violent households are forced to abruptly end their relationship with their pet(s), due to violence or the necessary surrender of their companion animals as a means of seeking refuge from their abuser. References Faver, C. A., Strand, E. B. (2003). To leave or to stay?: Battered women\u27s concern for vulnerable pets. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18. 1367-1377. doi:10.1177/0886260503258028 Flynn, C. P. (2011). Examining the links between animal abuse and human violence. Crime Law Soc Change, 55. 453–468. doi:10.1007/s10611-011-9297-2 Krienert, J.L., Walsh, J.A., Matthews, K., McConkey, K. (2012). Examining the nexus between domestic violence and animal abuse in a national sample of service providers. Violence and Victims, 27(2). 280-295

Israel\u27s 2001 Elections: Stability at Stake

The first and second issue of four volumes, this volume addresses elections in the Middle East. Contributors include: Assia Boutaleb, Judith Harik, Mona Markram-Ebeid, Christopher Parker, Curtis Francis Doebbler, Maye Kassem, Baskin Oran, Sami Zemni.https://fount.aucegypt.edu/faculty_book_chapters/2027/thumbnail.jp

Ovarian Dynamic in Ongole Grade Cattle After GnRH Injection in Ovsynch Protocol Based on Progesterone Device

PO cattle have weaknesses to show clear estrus signs which cause difficulty in artificial insemination implementation. The present study was designed to obtain ovarian dynamic as effect of GnRH injection in ovsynch protocol based on progesterone intravaginal device. Heifers (18) and cows (n= 12) were allocated to one of three groups. Cuemate-PGF2α (CP) group inserted with a Cuemate on day 0-7 and injected with prostaglandin on day 7. Cuemate-PGF2α-GnRH (CPG) group was treated as CP group with the addition of GnRH injection on day 9. GnRH-Cuemate-PGF2α-GnRH (GCPG) group was treated as CPG group with addition of GnRH injection on day 0. Ultrasonography was performed on days 0-3, day 7 until ovulation and 7 days after ovulation. Percentage of ovulation synchronization increased significantly (P<0.01) between CP, CPG, and GCPG, respectively, both in heifers (16%, 50%, and 85%, respectively) and cows (0%, 60%, and 100%, respectively), on day 11. Preovulatory follicle diameters between CP, CPG, and GCPG treatments were not different significantly both in heifers (11.9±0.5, 11.9±0.5, and 12.1±0.6 mm, respectively) and cows (11.7±0.4, 11.8±0.7, and 11.1±0.6 mm, respectively). This study concluded that GCPG protocol increased the synchrony of ovulation rate both in cows and heifers, without affecting the follicle preovulatory and CL diameters

Egyptian-Israeli Relations: Reflecting Regional Fluidity

The fourth of four volumes, this volume covers contemporary political and social issues in Egypt. The contributors include: Mona Abaza, Nadje Sadeg al-Ali, Iman Hamdy, Noha el-Mikawy, Reem Saad.https://fount.aucegypt.edu/faculty_book_chapters/2002/thumbnail.jp