Modelling effects of phytobiotic administration on coherent responses to Salmonella infection in laying hens

Practice of layer poultry farming and commercial egg production relies on the optimal use and improvement of the welfare and genetically determined functional abilities of laying hens, their efficient intake of feed and its components, adaptation to housing conditions and resistance to infectious diseases including salmonellosis. Previous studies were focussed on relationships of chicken performance and resistance with the expression profiles of individual genes involved in metabolic processes and immune system, or with genetic markers that can be closely associated with these processes in chickens. In this study, mathematical models of coherent changes in laying hens were developed for the expression of eight genes involved in immunity and metabolism, on the one hand, and biochemical and immunological blood parameters, on the other hand, in response to Salmonella infection and administration of a phytobiotic Intebio. The proposed modelling approach can be a further basis for an in-depth research of the relationship between the gene expression, functional state and welfare of poultry, impact of pathogenic microorganisms and use of immunomodulatory drugs

[Mathematical assessment of BAC-based interspecies hybridization data in the process of genomic mapping in the white-throated sparrow as an avian behavioral model] Математическая оценка данных межвидовой БАК-гибридизации в процессе геномного картирования у белошейной зонотрихии как модели поведения птиц

The white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) known for its morphological, behavioral and chromosomal polymorphisms represents a quite new model system to study genomic mechanisms underlying variable behavioral repertoire interwoven with population biology, reproduction and adaptation in this species. It was previously shown that these polymorphisms could be due to chromosomal rearrangements (inversions) on sparrow chromosome 2 (ZAL2) that is characterized by a heterogeneity in two distinct morphs, tan (ZAL2/ZAL2) and white (ZAL2/ZAL2m). To construct a comparative genomic map of ZAL2 and other chromosomes, we used a sparrow genomic BAC library, CHORI-264. Following a cross-species overgo hybridization approach, we screened the library and developed a first-generation BAC-based comparative physical map using the chicken and zebra finch reference genomes. The map includes 640 BAC-gene assignments for 77 loci and serves for further refining the genomic regions and identifying candidate genes that are affected by rearrangements and contribute to the observed behavioral polymorphisms. Mathematical assessment of the BAC-based hybridization data was undertaken to show evolutionary relationships of avian genomes. В настоящей работе представлена математическая оценка межвидовой БАК-гибридизации в процессе геномного картирования у белошейной зонотрихии – вида воробьев, рассматриваемого в качестве удобной модели поведения птиц

Examination of the expression of immunity genes and bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis and fed a phytobiotic

This study was performed to investigate the differential expression of eight immunity genes and the bacterial profiles in the caecum of growing chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) at 1 and 23 days post inoculation (dpi) in response to SE infection at 19 days of age and administration of the phytobiotic Intebio. Following infection, the genes CASP6 and IRF7 were upregulated by greater than twofold. Chicks fed Intebio showed at 1 dpi upregulation of AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7. At 23 dpi, expression of AvBD11, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6 and IRF7 lowered in the experiment subgroups as compared with the control. Examination of the caecal contents at 1 dpi demonstrated a significant decrease in the microbial biodiversity in the infected subgroup fed normal diet. Bacterial content of Lactobacillus and Bacillus declined, while that of Enterobacteriaceae rose. In the infected subgroup fed Intebio, a pronounced change in composition of the microflora was not observed. In the early infection stages, the phytobiotic seemed to promote response to infection. Subsequently, an earlier suppression of the inflammatory reaction took place in chickens fed Intebio. Thus, use of Intebio as a drug with phytobiotic activity in chickens, including those infected with Salmonella, proved to be promising

Investigating adverse effects of chronic dietary exposure to herbicide glyphosate on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in broiler chickens

Although the herbicide glyphosate is widely used globally and considered safe, more evidence of its adverse effects on animals and humans is accumulating. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of different glyphosate concentrations on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Four groups were employed, including untreated control and three experimental groups fed diets enriched with glyphosate at doses of 10, 20 and 100 ppm that conformed to 0.5, 1 and 5 maximum residue limits, respectively. The results showed that glyphosate is a stress factor triggering a multifaceted effect on important blood parameters (e.g., white blood cell and phagocytic counts), which was shown for the first time in the experiments involving productive meat-type poultry. It was first revealed that glyphosate-induced changes in blood parameters may be related to a negative impact on the zootechnical characteristics including the digestive tract organ development and body weight gain. The study findings suggested that exposure to glyphosate in the feedstuffs can adversely affect the physiological condition and productivity of broilers

Effects of essential oils-based supplement and Salmonella infection on gene expression, blood parameters, cecal microbiome and egg production in laying hens

Simple Summary Salmonellosis is one of the most severe zoonotic diseases transmitted to humans through animal products (especially poultry meat and eggs). Essential oils (EOs)-based feed additives in poultry nutrition are a possible alternative replacement of antimicrobials to fight this infection. In the present study on laying hens, we tested a phytobiotic, Intebio®, and elucidated formation of immune response and changes in cecal microbiocenosis and biochemical/immunological variables in blood caused by Salmonella. Changes in differential gene expression were observed at both one and seven days post-inoculation in the hens’ intestines, revealing similarities with known mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. The results of this study suggest that the challenge of birds with Salmonella had a negative effect, while phytobiotic intake had a positive effect on the status of their gastrointestinal microbiome, their level of metabolism, and their performance. Abstract One of the main roles in poultry resistance to infections caused by Salmonella is attributed to host immunity and intestinal microbiota. We conducted an experiment that involved challenging Lohmann White laying hens with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE), feeding them a diet supplemented with an EOs-based phytobiotic Intebio®. At 1 and 7 days post-inoculation, the expression profiles of eight genes related to immunity, transport of nutrients in the intestine, and metabolism were examined. Cecal microbiome composition and blood biochemical/immunological indices were also explored and egg production traits recorded. As a result, the SE challenge of laying hens and Intebio® administration had either a suppressive or activating effect on the expression level of the studied genes (e.g., IL6 and BPIFB3), the latter echoing mammalian/human tissue-specific expression. There were also effects of the pathogen challenge and phytobiotic intake on the cecal microbiome profiles and blood biochemical/immunological parameters, including those reflecting the activity of the birds’ immune systems (e.g., serum bactericidal activity, β-lysine content, and immunoglobulin levels). Significant differences between control and experimental subgroups in egg performance traits (i.e., egg weight/number/mass) were also found. The phytobiotic administration suggested a positive effect on the welfare and productivity of poultry

[Guidelines for the use of a feed additive tested in an industrial environment on highly productive commercial laying hens] Методические рекомендации по использованию кормовой добавки, прошедшей испытания в промышленных условиях на высокопродуктивных промышленных курах-несушках

Methodological recommendations were developed within the framework of the Grant Agreement No. 14.W03.31.0013 dated February 20, 2017 as part of the implementation of the Russian Federation Government Resolution No. 220 dated April 9, 2010 on the topic Development of modern biotechnologies for assessing gene expression in connection with productivity and resistance to diseases in poultry farming. Methodical recommendations are intended for specialists and managers of poultry farms, farmers, researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of agricultural universities, students of the advanced training system. Методические рекомендации разработаны в рамках Договора о выделении гранта № 14.W03.31.0013 от 20 февраля 2017 г. в рамках реализации постановления Правительства Российской Федерации от 9 апреля 2010 г. № 220 по теме  Разработка современных биотехнологий для оценки экспрессии генов в связи с продуктивностью и устойчивостью к заболеваниям в птицеводстве. Методические рекомендации предназначены для специалистов и руководителей птицеводческих хозяйств, фермеров, научных работников, преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов сельскохозяйственных вузов, слушателей системы повышения квалификации

Pedagogical Foundations of the Problem of Forming Communicative Competence of Future Elementary School Teachers

The article is devoted to the problem of forming communicative competence of future elementary school teachers. The objectives of the study were to highlight the conceptual pedagogical foundations and components on which the process of forming communicative competence in future elementary school teachers is based. The task of scientific exploration was to conduct a pilot study to identify the level of understanding of the future elementary school teachers of the phenomenon of “communicative competence” and its importance for further professional activity. The organized research was based on theoretical (study, analysis, systematization, and generalization of scientific-pedagogical, psychological, and methodological literature on the problem under study) and empirical (diagnostic evaluation, questioning, monitoring and educational experiment) methods. The concepts of “competence”, “competence”, “communicative competence”, “communicative competence of a future elementary school teacher” were revealed. The problem of development of communicative competence as a professional value of a modern elementary school teacher is outlined. The results of the survey of students-future teachers of primary classes on the understanding of the essence and necessity of formation of communicative competence during professional training in higher educational institutions of Ukraine are presented

The history of the formation and development of the attorney service in the usa

The article examines the history of the creation and development of the Attorney Service in the United States, which has no analogues in other states, but due to its functions in criminal prosecution, it is often referred to the prosecutor’s office. The article deals with the organization and activities of prosecutorial supervision in the United States. The authors analyze the functions of the institution of the prosecutor’s office in the state, highlight the stages of activity and investigate the problematic aspects of the work of the prosecutor’s office. As a result of the analysis, the conceptual historical features of the US Prosecutor’s Office were determined. © 2021, Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Istorii (Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of General Hist. All rights reserved

Phytochemical Study of Salvia Grandiflora and Salvia Officinalis Leaves for Establishing Prospects for Use in Medical and Pharmaceutical Practice

The raw material base of medicinal plants in Ukraine is sufficient only for half of the pharmacopoeial species. Most part of the medicinal plants is growing in insufficient quantities and there is a need for their import. In conditions of import dependence and a shortage of domestic plant materials, the search for new sources of biologically active substances among the representatives of the flora of Ukraine is an urgent task of modern pharmaceutical science.The aim of the work – conduct a comparative phytochemical study of the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis to establish the possibility of using the non-pharmacopeia species in pharmaceutical and medical practice.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis, which was harvested in the botanical garden of the Lviv National University named after I. Franko. The study of macro- and microelement composition in the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora was carried out by atomic emission spectrographic method. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of the main groups of biologically active substances was carried out by HPLC. Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds was also carried out by spectrophotometric method.Results. The content of 15 micro and macro elements was found in both studied species. In the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora, 15 amino acids and 8 saponins were identified. Using HPLC, the qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic substances in the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora (13 and 9 compounds, respectively) was established.Discussion. The dominant macro and micro elements in the studied species were silicon, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium. The total content of trace elements in the leaves of S. grandiflora is 1.67 times greater than in the pharmacopeia plant S. officinalis. The dominant amino acids in the leaves of both species are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine and leucine.The dominant saponins in the leaf of S. officinalis were ursolic and oleanolic acids, the total content of which is 75.82 %. In the leaves of S.grandiflora, ursolic and euskapic acids were dominant, with a total content of 63.25 %.The total flavonoid content is higher in S. officinalis leaf and is 4.90 mg / g. The total content of hydroxycinnamic acids is highest in the leaf of S. grandiflora and is 4.49 mg / g, which is 221.18 % (2.21 times) higher than in the pharmacopeia plant S. officinalis (2.03 mg / g). The total highest content of caffeic acid derivatives prevails in the Salvia officinalis leaf (0.77 mg / g). The highest content of the sum of all detected phenolic compounds is specified for S. officinalis leaves and amounts to 6.93 mg / g.Conclusions. As a result of a comparative phytochemical study of the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis, it was established that S. grandiflora is a promising species for introduction into medical and pharmaceutical practice, namely, as a source of phenolic compound