Subjective / objective as a material for "managing"

非定型の解や解のない解を探求していく「やりくり」をしていくにあたり，それまでに身につけている知識や能力が「やりくり」を進める要素の一つとなってくる。これは国語科の学習でも同様である。今年度 早い段階の国語学習で，「主観」と「客観」の視点を入れて「読む」ことを行うと，生徒から良い反応が返ってきたということを経験した。そこで，「やりくり」を進めていくための，事前に身につけておくべき知識・能力の一つとして「主観・客観の視点を入れて文章を『読む』『書く』」ということが挙げられるのではないかということに思い至り，「主 観・客観」の視点を入れた授業の実践を行い，そこからの生徒の反応などをもとに考察したい。In pursuing an atypical solution or a solution without a definitive solution, the knowledge and abilities acquired up to that point are a part of the factors that enable versatile attitude and active behavior. This principle also applies to studying Japanese language courses. During the early stages of classes of Japanese this year, I have got good responses from the students when I taught "reading" by incorporating perspectives of "subjective" or "objective". This experience makes me hypothesize "reading" and "writing" sentences focusing on a "subjective or objective" perspective is useful as one of the knowledge and abilities that should be acquired in advance in order to promote flexible "self managing in daily life". I practiced classes from the viewpoint of "subjective / objective", and discuss effect of the classes based on the reaction of the students to the classes

Self-awareness of growth develops the writing skills

生徒が文章を「書く」という活動において， 自分は「書くこと」が苦手と思い込むことが，その活動を阻害していると考えた。そこで，三年間を通じて「国語」という教科の捉え直しと，「書くこと」が自分を成長させているという実感を育む活動を行う。これら一連の活動が「書く」ことに対する壁を取り除いていくであろうという仮説を立て， 三年間の実践を行った。The preconception that “I am not good at writing” may work as an obstacle for the writing activities in the student’s composition. I hypothesized that raise of the sense of high self-esteem in writing may be more important in the Japanese class than raising reading and writing skills themselves. Taking this point into account, I have tried to nurse student’s self-esteem that the “writing activities” develop one’s Japanese competence during the three-year course of the class. I will review the three-year course of the classes and test it if the attempt worked well

Learning of Chinese characters that enhances the word-hoard

語彙力が学習において重要であることは言うまでもない。しかし単に語彙と言っても，音声としての語彙と文字としての語彙とでは違いがあり， その違いは個々で大きく開きに差があるように思われる。そこで， 漢字の学習を中心に据えることで言語に対する興味やこだわりが深まり， その意識が文字としての語彙を増やすだけではなく， 音声としての語彙との開きを縮めるのではないかと考えた。国語の授業で漢字の学習をする時間を確保し， その実践を重ねた上での生徒の変容を考察する。 / Needless to say, affluence of the vocabulary is important in the learning. However, the vocabulary as sounds is different from the vocabulary as letters and it seems that difference between them is variable in magnitude depending on every word. It might be possible that if learning and practice of Chinese characters were settled as the central subject in the classes, students can deepen their interest and intimacy for languages and enhance their vocabularies as letters. This might be also useful to lessen dissociation between the Chinese characters as letters and sound. In this article, I will discuss students’ progress in the word-hoard after securing a certain amount of time to learn Chinese characters in the classes of Japanese language

Do Kepler superflare stars really include slowly-rotating Sun-like stars ? - Results using APO 3.5m telescope spectroscopic observations and Gaia-DR2 data -

We report the latest view of Kepler solar-type (G-type main-sequence) superflare stars, including recent updates with Apache Point Observatory (APO) 3.5m telescope spectroscopic observations and Gaia-DR2 data. First, we newly conducted APO3.5m spectroscopic observations of 18 superflare stars found from Kepler 1-min time cadence data. More than half (43 stars) are confirmed to be "single" stars, among 64 superflare stars in total that have been spectroscopically investigated so far in this APO3.5m and our previous Subaru/HDS observations. The measurements of $v\sin i$ (projected rotational velocity) and chromospheric lines (Ca II H\&K and Ca II 8542\AA) support the brightness variation of superflare stars is caused by the rotation of a star with large starspots. We then investigated the statistical properties of Kepler solar-type superflare stars by incorporating Gaia-DR2 stellar radius estimates. As a result, the maximum superflare energy continuously decreases as the rotation period $P_{\mathrm{rot}}$ increases. Superflares with energies $\lesssim 5\times10^{34}$ erg occur on old, slowly-rotating Sun-like stars ($P_{\mathrm{rot}}\sim$25 days) approximately once every 2000--3000 years, while young rapidly-rotating stars with $P_{\mathrm{rot}}\sim$ a few days have superflares up to $10^{36}$ erg. The maximum starspot area does not depend on the rotation period when the star is young, but as the rotation slows down, it starts to steeply decrease at $P_{\mathrm{rot}}\gtrsim$12 days for Sun-like stars. These two decreasing trends are consistent since the magnetic energy stored around starspots explains the flare energy, but other factors like spot magnetic structure should also be considered.Comment: 71 pages, 31 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (on March 29, 2019

Starspot Mapping with Adaptive Parallel Tempering. II. Application to TESS Data for M-dwarf Flare Stars AU Microscopii, YZ Canis Minoris, and EV Lacertae

Starspots and stellar flares are indicators of stellar magnetic activity. The magnetic energy stored around spots is thought to be the origin of flares, but the connection is not completely understood. To investigate the relation between spot locations deduced from light curves and the occurrence of flares therein, we perform starspot modeling for the TESS light curves of three M-dwarf flare stars, AU Mic, YZ CMi, and EV Lac, using the code implemented in Paper I. The code enables us to deduce multiple stellar/spot parameters by the adaptive parallel tempering algorithm efficiently. We find that flare occurrence frequency is not necessarily correlated with the rotation phases of the light curve for each star. The result of starspot modeling shows that any spot is always visible to the line of sight in all phases, and we suggest that this can be one of the reasons why there is no or low correlation between rotation phases and flare frequency. In addition, the amplitude and shape of the light curve for AU Mic and YZ CMi have varied in two years between different TESS cycles. The result of starspot modeling suggests that this can be explained by the variations of spot size and latitude

Resting CD4+ T Cells with CD38+CD62L+ Produce Interleukin-4 Which Contributes to Enhanced Replication of T-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

AbstractA significant increase in the CD38+ population among T lymphocytes has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected carriers. We previously reported a higher replication rate of T-tropic HIV-1 in the CD4+CD38+CD62L+ than CD38− subset under conditions of mitogen stimulation after infection. Here, we revealed a similarly high susceptibility in the CD38+ subset on culture with conditioned medium containing Th2 cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4 that was produced endogenously from this subset on stimulation with mitogen or anti-CD3 antibody for 3 days. The contribution of IL-4 to the upregulated production of virus in the CD38+ subset was confirmed by culture of this subset with recombinant human IL-4. In contrast, the rate of replication in the CD38− subset was not augmented in the conditioned medium from either subset or with IL-4. However, there were no differences in the surface expression of IL-4 receptor or HIV-1 receptors CD4 and CXCR4 between the two subsets. Thus, the CD4+CD38+CD62L+ subset comprises a specific cell population secreting endogenous Th2 cytokine that contributes to the efficient production of T-tropic HIV-1 through upregulation at a certain stage of the viral life cycle, probably after the adsorption step