Comparisons of nutrient conversion efficiency between <i>Bt</i>-resistant and susceptible <i>T. ni</i>.

<p>(A) Efficiency of conversion of ingested carbohydrate to pupal lipid content and (B) ingested protein to pupal nitrogen content of pupated Bt-S (solid bars) and Bt-RU (open bars) across the five P∶C diet treatments. Efficiency of conversion of ingested macronutrients to body content are presented as least squares means of body content adjusted for the amount of ingested macronutrient (carbohydrate or protein), initial larval weight, and sex. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey HSD comparison).</p

Fitness costs associated with <i>Bt</i> resistance in <i>T. ni</i>.

<p>(A) Pupal dry weight and (B) relative growth rate (RGR) for final instar Bt-S and Bt-RU larvae across the five P∶C ratio diets, presented as least squares means (±SE) adjusted for initial larval weight and sex. (C) Mean (±SE) number of days to pupation. RGR  =  [ln(dry pupal mass) – ln(dry initial larval mass)]/days to pupation <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105864#pone.0105864-Gotthard1" target="_blank">[53]</a>. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey HSD comparison).</p

Għajdut Malti

L-awtur jagħti lista ta’ xi espressjonijiet Maltin li jingħadu mill-kelliema nattivi fit-taħdit tagħhom.N/

Sex differences in compensatory feeding.

<p>Least squares means (±SE) of total protein and carbohydrate consumption for female and male Bt-S and Bt-RU. Different letters indicate significant differences from Tukey HSD comparison (p<0.05).</p

Compensatory protein-carbohydrate consumption.

<p>Bivariate least squares means (±SE) for protein and carbohydrate intake for final instar Bt-S and Bt-RU larvae adjusted for initial larval weight and sex. Points along each trajectory correspond to the cumulative intake of protein and carbohydrate over the entire final larval stadium. Solid gray lines represent nutrient ratios for the five food treatments (P∶C = 50∶10, 40∶20, 30∶30, 20∶40, 10∶50). Intake points for each day are connected by solid black lines and dashed black lines for Bt-S and Bt-RU respectively. Optimal intake targets (Bt-S, grey circle; Bt-RU, grey triangle) were obtained from Shikano and Cory <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105864#pone.0105864-Shikano1" target="_blank">[40]</a>.</p

<i>Bt</i> resistance alters nutrient intake.

<p>Bivariate least squares means (±SE) of protein and carbohydrate intake composed by (A) female and (B) male Bt-S (solid black symbols) and Bt-RU (open symbols). Points along each trajectory correspond to the cumulative intake of protein and carbohydrate over consecutive days. Intake points for day 0–1, days 0–2, and days 0-pupation are shown. The solid gray lines indicate the macronutrient ‘rails’ of each diet block provided. The choices were as follows: 50p:10c & 30p:30c (triangle); 50p:10c & 20p:40c (circle); 50p:10c & 10p:50c (square).</p

Analyses for pupal weight, larval growth rate, and days to pupation for <i>Bt</i>-resistant and susceptible <i>T. ni</i>.

a<p>Analyses of Covariance</p><p>* Cox proportional hazards regression model</p><p>Colony  =  Bt-S vs Bt-RU</p><p>Values in boldface are significant at <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p>Analyses for pupal weight, larval growth rate, and days to pupation for <i>Bt</i>-resistant and susceptible <i>T. ni</i>.</p

MANCOVA analyses for protein and carbohydrate intake by Bt-S and Bt-RU from the three choice experiments.

<p>Analyses were performed on each of the three cumulative intake points (days 0–1, 0–2, and 0-pupation). Non-significant interactions (p≥0.05) were removed sequentially.</p><p>colony = susceptible vs. resistant.</p

Accelerated failure-time analysis for days to pupation.

<p>Accelerated failure-time analysis for days to pupation.</p