Effects of Regional Human Capital Structure on Business Entry: A Comparison of Independent Startups and New Subsidiaries in Different Industries

This paper aims to investigate the regional determinants of entry with special attention to the effects of regional human capital, using prefecture-level data from Japan. On the basis of some recent studies in the field, we investigate the effects of several regional factors on business entry, distinguishing between independent startups and new subsidiaries of existing firms on the one hand, and comparing different sectors on the other. Using pooled regional data at the prefecture level for our periods between 1996 and 2006, we estimate the impact of various regional factors, including human capital structure, on the number of independent startups and new subsidiaries for each industry sector, simultaneously. Estimation results demonstrate considerable differences between independent startups and subsidiaries as well as among different industry sectors with regard to the impact of regional human capital structure on business entry. First, the entry of independent startups in the manufacturing sector is positively related with regional human capital. Second, in contrast to our hypothesis, we found a positive relationship between regional human capital structure and the entry of new subsidiaries in the service sector. Third, the regional human capital structure is more important for regional entrepreneurship in more technology-intensive (high-tech) service industries. Considering the possible implications, we suggest that the regional policy to activate business startups should focus more on the differences between encouraging local entrepreneurship and attracting new subsidiaries, and recognize that these differences may vary even within the service sector, depending on what type of human capital is required.entry, region, independent startup, subsidiary, entrepreneurial human capital

Application of the Limit Cycle Model to Star Formation Histories in Spiral Galaxies: Variation among Morphological Types

We propose a limit-cycle scenario of star formation history for any morphological type of spiral galaxies. It is known observationally that the early-type spiral sample has a wider range of the present star formation rate (SFR) than the late-type sample. This tendency is understood in the framework of the limit-cycle model of the interstellar medium (ISM), in which the SFR cyclically changes in accordance with the temporal variation of the mass fraction of the three ISM components. When the limit-cycle model of the ISM is applied, the amplitude of variation of the SFR is expected to change with the supernova (SN) rate. Observational evidence indicates that the early-type spiral galaxies show smaller rates of present SN than late-type ones. Combining this evidence with the limit-cycle model of the ISM, we predict that the early-type spiral galaxies show larger amplitudes in their SFR variation than the late-types. Indeed, this prediction is consistent with the observed wider range of the SFR in the early-type sample than in the late-type sample. Thus, in the framework of the limit-cycle model of the ISM, we are able to interpret the difference in the amplitude of SFR variation among the morphological classes of spiral galaxies.Comment: 12 pages LaTeX, to appear in A

Ionization states of metallic absorption-line systems in continua of quasars

Ionization states of metallic absorption-line systems in continua of quasars (QSO's) are studied, assuming that the metallic lines arise in gaseous halos of high-redshift galaxies in photoionization equilibrium under the background UV radiation, and constraints on the intensity and spectral shape of the UV radiation are obtained. Then a structure of absorbers suitable for all of the metallic absorption line systems are discussed

On the evolution of Lyman alpha clouds based upon the Minihalo model

Intergalactic clouds confined by the gravity of cold dark matter (CDM), the so called mini-halo, is considered. Assuming a simplified evolution law of UV flux and mass function of gas clouds, number density evolution and H1 column density distribution can be reproduced by mini-halo model. Considering interaction between supersonic flow and a mini-halo, spatial correlation and the proximity effect of Ly-alpha forest can be investigated

The disk-halo connection and the nature of the interstellar medium

Some results on the nature of the interstellar medium that are specifically concerned with the disk-halo interaction are discussed. Over the last five years or so it has become clear that the supernovae rate in our Galaxy is spatially clumped and the consequences of such clumping are superbubbles and supershells fed by tens or hundreds of supernovae per shell. These objects evolve and expand rapidly and soon break out of the disk of the Galaxy, feeding the halo with very significant mass, energy, and momentum. As cooling occurs, gas will rain down onto the disk of the Galaxy completing the cycle. The basic flow of physical quantities from disk to halo and vice versa are discussed. Some of the many implications are noted including aspects of dynamo theory, quasar absorption lines, the theory of galactic coronae, and the nature of the x ray background. The essential difference here with the McKee-Ostriker (1977) theory is that the filling factor of the hot gas in the disk is significantly less than unity