Labiilit ikäykset ja stabiilit isotoopit:lisää ¹⁴C-ajoituksia Keminmaan Valmarinniemeltä

Summary Labile datings and stable isotopes : more radiocarbon dates from the cemetery of Valmarinniemi This follow-up article to a contribution published in Faravid 43 (2017: 107–128) examines and discusses eleven new radiocarbon dates — nine bone collagen dates from inhumation burials and two charred bone dates from cremation burials — obtained from the early Medieval cemetery of the Kemi parish, located at Cape Valmarinniemi in Keminmaa. The results (Table 1) were somewhat surprising, as they seem to challenge the chronology of the site based on the rate of post-glacial land-uplift, historical sources and the datable finds made during the excavations of the cemetery in 1981. The area of Valmarinniemi is estimated to have emerged from the sea during the 11th century, while the use of the cemetery is dated to the 14th and 15th centuries. A partial explanation for "too old" dating results is the advanced decay of the unburned bone material recovered from the site. One of the samples (Beta-451048) sent to Beta Analytic Inc. for dating was contaminated with rootlets, while at least two bones from which samples were taken (Beta-451049 and Beta-451052) had been stabilized during conservation with Paraloid B-72 acrylic resin. While the radiocarbon service service provider treated both samples with a solvent to extract the resin, the anomalous dating result (Beta-451049) falling into the late first millennium AD indicates that the procedure had most likely been unsuccessful. Reservoir effect is another factor to be taken into account when reviewing the dating results of inhumation burials, as the δ13C-values are somewhat elevated (−17.9–−21.0 ‰) probably reflecting the importance of marine resources, especially salmon and other fish, in the diet. Reservoir corrections were calculated with Calib 7.1 -online software using 262+100 years as a full reservoir effect correction and δ13Cmin −20.9 ‰ (terrestrial) and δ13Cmax −14.8 ‰ (marine) as threshold values (Figure 2). However, as the calculation of marine corrections did not have significant impact on the overall distribution of the results (Table 2), an explanation for their incompatibility with historical sources and coin data was sought from elsewhere. One possibility worth considering is the contamination of the samples due to humic acids in the soil, which is hinted by the relative high C/N-ratio (3.7–4.0) in half of dated collagen samples and the high proportion of carbon (Cwt%) in them (Table 1 ). Hence, the most reliable dating results are probably the three bone collagen dates (Beta-451050, Beta-451055 and Beta-451056) and the two dates obtained from the charred bone of cremation burials E & K (Beta-451057 and Beta-451058). Together with six cremation burials radiocarbon dated in 2009, they can be used to deepen the picture about the site chronology. While the deposition of cremated remains took place at the site from the 11th to the 14th century (Figure 1), this activity was at least partially synchronous with the practice of inhumation burials. On the other hand, the earliest burials of the "Christian" type in the cemetery date at the latest to the second half of the 13th century extending the overlap. The site chronology thus questions the relevance of long-cherished "pagan" vs. Christian dichotomy and supports recently expressed views stressing the resilience and hybridity often incorporated in relations and negotiations between different belief-systems. It is also likely that the cemetery includes an Orthodox Christian component as hinted by some artifacts found in the burials. The stable isotope values measured from the samples alongside with their radiocarbon dates were juxtaposed with chronologically and chorologically comparable reference material consisting of both individuals as well as groups of people (Figure 3). While the population buried at Valmarinniemi were predictably eaters of C3-plants, the high δ¹⁵N-values point to the importance of marine fish in their diet. The values from the early modem period cemeteries of Kemi and Haukipudas are well aligned with the new results although the somewhat higher δ¹⁵N and slightly lower δ¹³C-values may point to the growing importance of agriculture in the area of coastal northem Ostrobothnia. This tendency was explored by plotting the new radiocarbon dating results against the δ¹⁵N- and δ¹³C-values measured from the same samples, and while both plots show uniform descendent tendency (Figure 4), the sample is simply not large enough to draw further conclusions about it. Finally, relating the location of the burial to the diet of the deceased produced a negative correlation. The person buried in the central part of the church (grave 141) had the lowest and the person buried well outside of it in the south (grave 123) the highest δ¹⁵N-value, hinting that the relation between the social status and the richness of the diet might not be as straightforward as often assumed. The article is concluded with a suggestion for additional archaeological fieldwork to be carried out at Cape Valmarinniemi in the future. This would be necessary to obtain positively unaltered bone samples for additional radiocarbon dating, to georeference the 1981 excavation areas and to verify the state of preservation of those burials, which were discovered after the removal of the topsoil, but were not excavated down to the level of the burial

The freshness of the fell streams:contextualizing the success of Lapin Kulta Beer in the 1960s

Abstract Purpose: As Finland became an associate member of the European Free Trade Association in early 1960s, the domestic brewing industry faced a new threat posed by imported beer. It was neutralized effectively with joint and individual efforts of the breweries. This paper aims to analyze the maneuvers taken by Tornion Olut Oy to brand its new product, Lapin Kulta, which ultimately became the most popular beer in Finland. In addition, the contemporary changes in the Finnish society with related social tensions are shown to have contributed to its success significantly. Design/methodology/approach: Archival research focusing on primary sources complemented with biographies, historical newspaper and magazine articles as well contemporary research papers with an aim to reconstruct and better understand the historical and social context of the events. Findings: The success of the Lapin Kulta beer in 1960s was not only based on the effective marketing, although a well-thought name, the successful participation in international beer “competitions” enhancing the brand and both improved distribution and logistics certainly contributed to it. Instead the success is shown to have depended also on seemingly odd collection of external factors. However, when put together, the success is shown to have been based on brand’s capability to address the social tensions present in Finland during 1960s. Originality/value: The importance of the context reconstruction in historical marketing research is underlined as developments traditionally attributed solely to product qualities and marketing may equally stem from a multitude of external factors. As a case study, the research represents a fresh take on the subject through a variety of previously neglected sources

From obvious to ambiguous:a comparative case study of crucible fragments from a bronze age site in northern Finland

Abstract An assemblage consisting of sixteen Bronze Age crucible fragments from the Halosentörmä site, located by the Bothnian Bay in northern Finland, is analysed here using the interpretative framework developed recently by Scandinavian scholars. At least two crucibles, both apparently applied for casting several times due to the amount of use-wear, are first identified. The examination of the interior surfaces of selected fragments with a portable XRF analyser for traces of metal confirms their use in copper-alloy metallurgy. Their find context at the site, however, hints at shortlived experiments rather than the existence of a proper bronze workshop. As such experiments might have had important social and even cosmological functions, the results underline the significance of metallurgical ceramics and their find contexts for archaeological interpretation both in Finland and elsewhere in northern Fennoscandia

The rescue excavation and reburial of late pet animals as explorative archaeological autoethnography

Abstract Autoethnography is founded on personal participation, description, and analysis that results in a higher consciousness of the studied subject when personal experiences are transformed through systematic sociological introspection into understanding regarding other people’s feelings and behavior. Hence, the chapter describes the rescue excavation of late family companion animals from the backyard flowerbed and their subsequent re-burial to the local pet cemetery through the lens of explorative archaeological autoethnography. While being physically routine, the excavation caused deep emotions of self-reflection and self-confrontation ranging from the questioning of the author’s capabilities as a field archaeologist to human-animal relationships and the afterlife. On the contrary, the activity at the pet cemetery involved significant physical input, as each pet owner is responsible for backfilling their pet burial. Emotional and physical are here argued to enrich and deepen the interpretative framework of pet cemetery studies by offering new insights into the motives and actions of pet owners. Along this line, a somewhat excessive and constantly evolving memorial combining elements from several religions and cultures was set up on the grave. It aims to establish a material-culture-based dialogue with other pet owners in a dynamic deathscape, where pet memorials designs constantly seek to redefine and renegotiate the acceptable limits of pet animal commemoration

Somnium pro templo:on the date and location of the first ecclesiastic building on the Hailuoto island

Abstract The date and location of the earliest chapel on the Hailuoto Island is examined by reviewing the archaeological and geological data gathered in late 1980s, on which the original hypothesis about the existence of the early 14th century AD ecclesiastic building at the site of the ‘Old Church’ stood on. As old wood and marine reservoir effects were unrecognised back then, the calibrated radiocarbon dates gave systematically older date estimates. The coin evidence suggests a mid-15th century AD terminus post quem, while the preserved wooden statuettes of saints date to the late 15th century AD. As the data regarding local land-uplift rate is today more reliable than in 1980s and precise information on elevation gathered with airborne LiDAR can be analysed using the GIS, a new reconstruction regarding the environment around the ‘Old Church’ is also presented. Finally, reasons for further archaeological research on Hailuoto are sketched in brief

Detecting pitfall systems in the Suomenselkä watershed, Finland, with airborne laser scanning and artificial intelligence

Abstract This article examines the use of airborne laser scanning data and semi-automatic detection algorithms to identify pitfall sites in the northern part of the Suomenselkä watershed in Finland. The results show that new sites can be effectively detected with these methods, even in areas recently surveyed archaeologically. Most of the previously known pitfall sites were also easily distinguishable from the data. The geographic location of the newly discovered sites confirmed previous interpretations of the prehistoric and historic hunting of cervids with pitfalls in the research area. Yet, further research is needed to refine the interpretations concerning the use and temporal sequence of pitfall rows both in Finland and elsewhere in Fennoscandia

Tervahautojen ilmalaserkeilausavusteinen työpöytäinventointi Suomussalmella

Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa testattiin Maanmittauslaitoksen hiljattain julkaisemaa, uutta ja tarkempaa Laserkeilausaineisto 5 p:tä tervahautojen paikantamisessa Suomussalmen Pesiöjärven eteläpuolelle sijoittuvalla 216 km²:n kokoisella tutkimusalueella. Tätä tarkoitusta varten aineistosta tuotettiin kaksi 16 tarkastelusuuntaa käyttävää visualisointia: vinovalovarjostus ja taivasnäkymä, joiden perusteella tunnistetut tervahautakohteet digitoitiin paikkatietojärjestelmään. Alueelta tunnettiin aiemmin 105 tervahautaa; nyt niitä paikannettiin lähes nelinkertainen määrä eli 418. Tunnistetut kohteet ovat myös keskimäärin pienempiä, kuin alueelle vuonna 2013 ulottuneessa Metsähallituksen valtion monikäyttömetsien kulttuuriperintöinventoinnissa. Aineistolla suoritetut paikkatietoanalyysikokeilut osoittavat, että tervahaudat ovat tutkimuksellisesti alihyödynnetty muinaisjäännöstyyppi, siinä missä niiden tulkinta nykyajan woke-kulttuurin viitekehyksestä käsin on sekin jäänyt vaillinaiseksi. Lähitulevaisuudessa tutkimuksellisten tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa auttavat puoliautomaattiset tunnistusalgoritmit, joita on jo onnistuneesti pilotoitu Museoviraston koordinoimassa LIDARK-hankkeessa.Sammanfattning I undersökningen testades Lantmäteriverkets nyligen publicerade nya och mer exakta Laserskannat material 5 p i kartläggningen av tjärgropar inom ett 216 km² stort forskningsområde beläget söder om sjön Pesiöjärvi i Suomussalmi. I detta syfte framställdes ur materialet två visualiseringar, terrängskuggning och himmelsfaktor, vilka använder sig av 16 synriktningar var. Utgående från visualiseringarna digitaliserades de identifierade tjärgroparna i ett geodatasystem. 105 tjärgropar var redan kända från området, och nu kartlades nästan ett fyrdubbelt antal, det vill säga 418 stycken. De identifierade lokalerna är även i genomsnitt mindre än de som hittades i Forststyrelsens inventering av kulturarvet i statens mångbruksskogar, som utsträckte sig till området år 2013. Geodataanalysexperimenten gjorda på materialet visar att tjärgropar är en i forskningen underutnyttjad fornlämningstyp och tolkningen av dem har förblivit ofullständig inom ramverket för dagens wokekultur. Inom en snar framtid kommer uppnåendet av vetenskapliga målställningar understödas av halvautomatiska identifieringsalgoritmer, och sådana prov har redan gjorts med goda resultat i det av Museiverket koordinerade LIDARK-projektet

Hardcore heritage:consecrating the northern anxiety of Terveet Kädet

Abstract A hardcore-punk band Terveet Kädet from the town of Tornio in northern Finland reached a global audience in the 1980s, and the location was essential for its music. As the sole border town to Sweden, Tornio was the place in Finland to keep up with the current international beat in music, comics and hardcore porn. The singer ‘Läjä’ Äijälä, the only permanent band member until the disbandment in 2016, mixed these sources of inspiration with a northern anxiety: a peculiar state of mind stemming from a harsh climate and an oppressive inward-looking society. The resulting mix is not only undeniably barbarous, but also unique and strangely appealing. Surprisingly, in 2010, Terveet Kädet transmuted from an unfamiliar oddity into local heritage. As with the case of the Sex Pistols and 6 Denmark Street, this was ill conceived by the general public, thus calling attention to the processes of heritagisation and sensemaking of the experienced past in the present