Postgraduate radiology education in Nigeria: Looking backward and forward

Formal postgraduate radiology education (residency training) in Nigeria commenced in 1976 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State. Currently, two postgraduate medical colleges (one national and the other international or regional) are saddled with the responsibility of superintending the training programme. This is a chronicle of the evolution of radiology in Nigeria with emphasis on the current status of the training programme and areas that require improvement. Though the programme has delivered a quality healthcare workforce for the country and the international community since inception, significant but surmountable difficulties still exist. It is hoped that all stakeholders and policy-makers will take note and safeguard the future of the specialty

B-mode sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness in Nigerian adults with glaucoma

Objective: This study was done to investigate the effect(s) of glaucoma on the ocular optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness using B-mode ultrasonography.Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty study participants were recruited; 60 subjects with glaucoma and 60 age- and sex-matched controls without glaucoma. The optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness of both eyes were measured using a linear high frequency transducer with frequency of 6.5-12MHz.Results: The mean optic nerve sheath diameter of the glaucomatous eyes (3.57 ± 0.19mm and 3.59 ± 0.33mm on the right and left, respectively) were significantly thinner than that of controls (4.23 ± 0.34 mm and 4.26 ± 0.30 mm on the right and left, respectively; p < 0.001). There is increased mean lens thickness in the glaucomatous eyes (4.15 ± 0.43mm and 4.18 ± 0.46mm on the right and left, respectively) than in the controls (4.01 ± 0.56mm and 3.99 ± 0.45mm on the right and left, respectively) with a statistically significant difference seen in the left eye (p = 0.024).Conclusion: B-mode ultrasound is a reliable tool of assessing the nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness in glaucoma. Optic nerve sheath diameter is reduced in glaucomaKeywords: Glaucoma, ultrasonography, optic nerve sheath diameter, lens thickness

B-mode sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness in Nigerian adults with glaucoma

Objective: This study was done to investigate the effect(s) of glaucoma on the ocular optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness using B-mode ultrasonography. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty study participants were recruited; 60 subjects with glaucoma and 60 age- and sex-matched controls without glaucoma. The optic nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness of both eyes were measured using a linear high frequency transducer with frequency of 6.5-12MHz. Results: The mean optic nerve sheath diameter of the glaucomatous eyes (3.57 \ub1 0.19mm and 3.59 \ub1 0.33mm on the right and left, respectively) were significantly thinner than that of controls (4.23 \ub1 0.34 mm and 4.26 \ub1 0.30 mm on the right and left, respectively; p < 0.001). There is increased mean lens thickness in the glaucomatous eyes (4.15 \ub1 0.43mm and 4.18 \ub1 0.46mm on the right and left, respectively) than in the controls (4.01 \ub1 0.56mm and 3.99 \ub1 0.45mm on the right and left, respectively) with a statistically significant difference seen in the left eye (p = 0.024). Conclusion: B-mode ultrasound is a reliable tool of assessing the nerve sheath diameter and lens thickness in glaucoma. Optic nerve sheath diameter is reduced in glaucom

Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in Nigeria

Aim of the study: To evaluate the value of uterine artery Doppler indices and waveform pattern in predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Materials and methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 80 pregnant subjects with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and two control groups. Uterine artery Doppler sonography was performed in all study participants. Uterine artery Doppler indices across the groups were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the presence of prediastolic notch was analyzed with the Chi Square test. Results: For the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy group, resistivity index > 0.66 had a sensitivity of 50.0%, specificity of 69.1% and a positive predictive value of 22.2% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 2.2 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.6–7.8. The presence of prediastolic notching had a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 96.0% and a positive predictive value of 80.0% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 22.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 7.5–68.5. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler sonography is useful for predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Prediastolic notching is more sensitive and more specific than uterine artery resistivity index in predicting fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction in established hypertensive disorder of pregnancy

Badanie dopplerowskie przepływu przez tętnice maciczne w nadciśnieniu tętniczym u ciężarnych w Nigerii

Aim of the study: To evaluate the value of uterine artery Doppler indices and waveform pattern in predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Materials and methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 80 pregnant subjects with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and two control groups. Uterine artery Doppler sonography was performed in all study participants. Uterine artery Doppler indices across the groups were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the presence of prediastolic notch was analyzed with the Chi Square test. Results: For the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy group, resistivity index > 0.66 had a sensitivity of 50.0%, specificity of 69.1% and a positive predictive value of 22.2% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 2.2 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.6–7.8. The presence of prediastolic notching had a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 96.0% and a positive predictive value of 80.0% for predicting intrauterine growth restriction. The odds ratio was 22.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 7.5–68.5. Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler sonography is useful for predicting fetuses at risk for intrauterine growth restriction in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Prediastolic notching is more sensitive and more specific than uterine artery resistivity index in predicting fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction in established hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.Cel badania: Ocena wartości wskaźników dopplerowskich w tętnicach macicznych oraz kształtu fali przepływu w przewidywaniu wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego u kobiet w ciąży. Materiał i metody: Było to prospektywne badanie przekrojowe obejmujące 80 ciężarnych pacjentek z nadciśnieniem tętniczym oraz 2 grupy kontrolne. U wszystkich uczestniczek wykonano badanie przepływu przez tętnice maciczne z użyciem opcji dopplerowskich. W celu porównania wskaźników dopplerowskich tętnic macicznych we wszystkich grupach zastosowano analizę wariancji (ANOVA), natomiast obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego analizowano z wykorzystaniem testu chi-kwadrat. Wyniki: W grupie ciężarnych z nadciśnieniem tętniczym wrażliwość wskaźnika oporu naczyniowego >0,66 wynosiła 50%, specyficzność – 69,1%, natomiast dodatnia wartość predykcyjna dla wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu – 22,2%. Iloraz szans wynosił 2,2 przy 95-procentowym przedziale ufności wynoszącym 0,6–7,8. Obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego wykazywała wrażliwość na poziomie 100%, specyficzność – 96% i dodatnią wartość predykcyjną dla wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu wynoszącą 80%. Iloraz szans wynosił 22,7 przy 95-procentowym przedziale ufności wynoszącym 7,5–68,5. Wnioski: Badanie przepływów w tętnicach macicznych z zastosowaniem opcji dopplerowskich jest użytecznym narzędziem do przewidywania ryzyka wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu nadciśnienia tętniczego w ciąży. Obecność wcięcia wczesnorozkurczowego charakteryzuje się większą wrażliwością i specyficznością w przewidywaniu ryzyka wystąpienia wewnątrzmacicznego zahamowania wzrostu płodu w przebiegu rozpoznanego nadciśnienia tętniczego w ciąży niż wskaźnik oporu naczyniowego w tętnicach macicznych. Artykuł w wersji polskojęzycznej jest dostępny na stronie http://jultrason.pl/index.php/wydawnictwa/volume-17-no-7