30 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives
The effects of air stress during storage, exposure to air at feed-out, and treatment with silage additives to
enhance aerobic stability on methane production from maize silage were investigated at laboratory scale.
Up to 17% of the methane potential of maize without additive was lost during seven days exposure to air
on feed-out. Air stress during storage reduced aerobic stability and further increased methane losses.
A chemical additive containing salts of benzoate and propionate, and inoculants containing heterofermentative
lactic acid bacteria were effective to increase aerobic stability and resulted in up to 29% higher
methane yields after exposure to air. Exclusion of air to the best possible extent and high aerobic
stabilities should be primary objectives when ensiling biogas feedstocks
Improving aerobic stability and biogas production of maize silage using silage additives
The effects of air stress during storage, exposure to air at feed-out, and treatment with silage additives to
enhance aerobic stability on methane production from maize silage were investigated at laboratory scale.
Up to 17% of the methane potential of maize without additive was lost during seven days exposure to air
on feed-out. Air stress during storage reduced aerobic stability and further increased methane losses.
A chemical additive containing salts of benzoate and propionate, and inoculants containing heterofermentative
lactic acid bacteria were effective to increase aerobic stability and resulted in up to 29% higher
methane yields after exposure to air. Exclusion of air to the best possible extent and high aerobic
stabilities should be primary objectives when ensiling biogas feedstocks
Biogas crops grown in energy crop rotations: Linking chemical composition and methane production characteristics
Methane production characteristics and chemical composition of 405 silages from 43 different crop species were examined using uniform laboratory methods, with the aim to characterise a wide range of crop feedstocks from energy crop rotations and to identify main parameters that influence biomass quality for biogas production. Methane formation was analysed from chopped and over 90 days ensiled crop biomass in batch anaerobic digestion tests without further pre-treatment. Lignin content of crop biomass was found to be the most significant explanatory variable for specific methane yields while the methane content and methane production rates were mainly affected by the content of nitrogen-free extracts and neutral detergent fibre, respectively. The accumulation of butyric acid and alcohols during the ensiling process had significant impact on specific methane yields and methane contents of crop silages. It is proposed that products of silage fermentation should be considered when evaluating crop silages for biogas production
Effect of short-term storage on quality of wheat stored in large polyethylene bags
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the short-term storage of food grains in large polyethylene bag silos with the conventional bulk storage of grain regarding quality parameters.  This storage option provides the chance to get along fluctuations in prices without investment in building operations.75 t newly harvested wheat with a dry matter content of 89.1% was stored during a period of six months in two polyethylene bags and as control in a granary on the same farm.  After two weeks, one month, three and six months samples were collected off the first bag below the polyethylene film and in 1.20 m depth and at the same time samples were taken in the granary.  The second bag was kept closed over the six month. Results demonstrated that there are no differences between the measuring points within a bag, between the two bags and no differences between the storage systems regarding the parameters dry matter, pH, starch, crude protein, content of mesophilic microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, mould) and germination.  The temperature in the polyethylene bag silos resembled rapidly to the ambient temperature.  There was no local overheating due to microbiological activity.  The results demonstrate that the temporary grain storage in polyethylene bags does not lead to any grain quality loss compared to the conventional storage.  Because of the very low cost, the flexible bagging system represents an alternative to high investment in permanent storage structures for grain. Key words: wheat, storage, polyethylene bags, quality, costs
Storage Problems of Poplar Chips from Short Rotation Plantations with Special Emphasis on Fungal Development = Rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş nyár aprĂtĂ©k tárolási problĂ©mái, kĂĽlönös tekintettel a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra
There are several problems in storing wood chips freshly harvested from short rotation
plantations, which result in quality losses as well as in dry matter and energy losses. The factors
influencing the degradation of raw material are examined in this paper with special focus on fungal
development. An excessive growth of fungi is connected to dry matter losses and also to an increased
health risk during raw material handling.
The following factors were measured during 6 months storage of poplar wood chips depending on
particle size: box temperature, moisture content, pH-value, appearance of fungi in the storage and the
concentration of fungal particles in the air. The results show a close connection between particle size,
temperature and attack of fungi. During the storage mesophilic and termophilic species of the genera
Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium appeared. The concentration of fungal
particles is the highest for fine chips and decreases in bigger particles. There was a special focus on
the investigation of the properties of coarse chips (G 50), which represent a good compromise between
handling, storage losses and health risk due to fungal development. | Frissen kitermelt rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş fafajokbĂłl előállĂtott aprĂtĂ©k tárolása során számos
probléma merül fel, melyek eredménye minőség-, szárazanyag- és energiaveszteség. Ebben a
tanulmányban a nyersanyag-degradációt befolyásoló tényezők kerültek vizsgálatra, különös tekintettel
a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra. Ezek rendkĂvĂĽli elszaporodásának köszönhetĹ‘ a szárazanyag-vesztesĂ©g mellett
a nyersanyag kezelése során fellépő, megnövekedett egészségügyi kockázat is.
Nyár faaprĂtĂ©k hat hĂłnapos tárolása folyamán az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret fĂĽggvĂ©nyĂ©ben a következĹ‘
tényezők mérése zajlott: a tárolón belüli hőmérséklet, nedvességtartalom, pH, a tárolóban megjelenő
gombák és azok száma a levegőben. Az eredmények szoros összefüggést mutatnak, különösen az
aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret, a hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s a gombák száma közt. A tárolás során mezofil Ă©s termofil gombák
fejlődtek. A következő nemzetségekhez tartozó fajok voltak megfigyelhetők: Alternaria, Aspergillus,
Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium. A gombák száma a finom aprĂtĂ©knál volt a legmagasabb, ami az
aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret növekedĂ©sĂ©vel csökkent. A kutatás folyamán kĂĽlönös szerepet kapott a közĂ©pfinom
aprĂtĂ©k tulajdonságainak vizsgálata (G 50), mely kompromisszumos megoldást jelent a kezelĂ©s,
tárolási veszteségek és a kifejlődő gombáknak köszönhető egészségügyi kockázatok között
Recommended from our members
Storage problems of poplar chips from short rotation plantations with special emphasis on fungal development
There are several problems in storing wood chips freshly harvested from short rotation plantations, which result in quality losses as well as in dry matter and energy losses. The factors influencing the degradation of raw material are examined in this paper with special focus on fungal development. An excessive growth of fungi is connected to dry matter losses and also to an increased health risk during raw material handling.
The following factors were measured during 6 months storage of poplar wood chips depending on particle size: box temperature, moisture content, pH-value, appearance of fungi in the storage and the concentration of fungal particles in the air. The results show a close connection between particle size, temperature and attack of fungi. During the storage mesophilic and termophilic species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium appeared. The concentration of fungal particles is the highest for fine chips and decreases in bigger particles. There was a special focus on the investigation of the properties of coarse chips (G 50), which represent a good compromise between handling, storage losses and health risk due to fungal development.Rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş nyár aprĂtĂ©k tárolási problĂ©mái, kĂĽlönös tekintettel a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra. Frissen kitermelt rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş fafajokbĂłl előállĂtott aprĂtĂ©k tárolása során számos problĂ©ma merĂĽl fel, melyek eredmĂ©nye minĹ‘sĂ©g-, szárazanyag- Ă©s energiavesztesĂ©g. Ebben a tanulmányban a nyersanyag-degradáciĂłt befolyásolĂł tĂ©nyezĹ‘k kerĂĽltek vizsgálatra, kĂĽlönös tekintettel a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra. Ezek rendkĂvĂĽli elszaporodásának köszönhetĹ‘ a szárazanyag-vesztesĂ©g mellett a nyersanyag kezelĂ©se során fellĂ©pĹ‘, megnövekedett egĂ©szsĂ©gĂĽgyi kockázat is.
Nyár faaprĂtĂ©k hat hĂłnapos tárolása folyamán az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret fĂĽggvĂ©nyĂ©ben a következĹ‘ tĂ©nyezĹ‘k mĂ©rĂ©se zajlott: a tárolĂłn belĂĽli hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet, nedvessĂ©gtartalom, pH, a tárolĂłban megjelenĹ‘ gombák Ă©s azok száma a levegĹ‘ben. Az eredmĂ©nyek szoros összefĂĽggĂ©st mutatnak, kĂĽlönösen az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret, a hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s a gombák száma közt. A tárolás során mezofil Ă©s termofil gombák fejlĹ‘dtek. A következĹ‘ nemzetsĂ©gekhez tartozĂł fajok voltak megfigyelhetĹ‘k: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium. A gombák száma a finom aprĂtĂ©knál volt a legmagasabb, ami az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret növekedĂ©sĂ©vel csökkent. A kutatás folyamán kĂĽlönös szerepet kapott a közĂ©pfinom aprĂtĂ©k tulajdonságainak vizsgálata (G 50), mely kompromisszumos megoldást jelent a kezelĂ©s, tárolási vesztesĂ©gek Ă©s a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombáknak köszönhetĹ‘ egĂ©szsĂ©gĂĽgyi kockázatok között
Storage problems of poplar chips from short rotation plantations with special emphasis on fungal development
There are several problems in storing wood chips freshly harvested from short rotation plantations, which result in quality losses as well as in dry matter and energy losses. The factors influencing the degradation of raw material are examined in this paper with special focus on fungal development. An excessive growth of fungi is connected to dry matter losses and also to an increased health risk during raw material handling.
The following factors were measured during 6 months storage of poplar wood chips depending on particle size: box temperature, moisture content, pH-value, appearance of fungi in the storage and the concentration of fungal particles in the air. The results show a close connection between particle size, temperature and attack of fungi. During the storage mesophilic and termophilic species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor and Penicillium appeared. The concentration of fungal particles is the highest for fine chips and decreases in bigger particles. There was a special focus on the investigation of the properties of coarse chips (G 50), which represent a good compromise between handling, storage losses and health risk due to fungal development.Rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş nyár aprĂtĂ©k tárolási problĂ©mái, kĂĽlönös tekintettel a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra. Frissen kitermelt rövid vágásfordulĂłjĂş fafajokbĂłl előállĂtott aprĂtĂ©k tárolása során számos problĂ©ma merĂĽl fel, melyek eredmĂ©nye minĹ‘sĂ©g-, szárazanyag- Ă©s energiavesztesĂ©g. Ebben a tanulmányban a nyersanyag-degradáciĂłt befolyásolĂł tĂ©nyezĹ‘k kerĂĽltek vizsgálatra, kĂĽlönös tekintettel a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombákra. Ezek rendkĂvĂĽli elszaporodásának köszönhetĹ‘ a szárazanyag-vesztesĂ©g mellett a nyersanyag kezelĂ©se során fellĂ©pĹ‘, megnövekedett egĂ©szsĂ©gĂĽgyi kockázat is.
Nyár faaprĂtĂ©k hat hĂłnapos tárolása folyamán az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret fĂĽggvĂ©nyĂ©ben a következĹ‘ tĂ©nyezĹ‘k mĂ©rĂ©se zajlott: a tárolĂłn belĂĽli hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet, nedvessĂ©gtartalom, pH, a tárolĂłban megjelenĹ‘ gombák Ă©s azok száma a levegĹ‘ben. Az eredmĂ©nyek szoros összefĂĽggĂ©st mutatnak, kĂĽlönösen az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret, a hĹ‘mĂ©rsĂ©klet Ă©s a gombák száma közt. A tárolás során mezofil Ă©s termofil gombák fejlĹ‘dtek. A következĹ‘ nemzetsĂ©gekhez tartozĂł fajok voltak megfigyelhetĹ‘k: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium. A gombák száma a finom aprĂtĂ©knál volt a legmagasabb, ami az aprĂtĂ©kmĂ©ret növekedĂ©sĂ©vel csökkent. A kutatás folyamán kĂĽlönös szerepet kapott a közĂ©pfinom aprĂtĂ©k tulajdonságainak vizsgálata (G 50), mely kompromisszumos megoldást jelent a kezelĂ©s, tárolási vesztesĂ©gek Ă©s a kifejlĹ‘dĹ‘ gombáknak köszönhetĹ‘ egĂ©szsĂ©gĂĽgyi kockázatok között
Konzerviranje zrna strnih žita drobljenjem i hermetičkim skladištenjem
Grinding and airtight storing of maize grains is well known technology in
region of Pannonia plane, European Corn Belt. The energy needs for this kind of
preservation is considerably lower than energy used for preservation by drying,
especially for high-moisture late hybrids. The same preservation of cereals grains is
practiced in the regions where, due to climatic conditions, grains couldn’t reach phase of
full ripeness, or they have in harvesting time high moisture content. Due to very low
prices of cereals grains they are more and more used as fodder. In that case they cereals
grains can be earlier harvested, with the moisture content 16-24%, grained and airtight
stored. This can extend harvesting season and reduce costs of storage.
The paper presents results of investigation of cereal grains grinding and making
silage. It has been measured process of grinding with hammer mill and press rollers. The
capacity, energy input and particle fineness of cereal grains has been measured.
The microbiology tests of processed and stored grain have been provided. It has bin
found out that grinding with press rollers results with bigger particles but much less
energy is needed in comparison with hammer mill grinding. In all cases tests of silage
hygienic were positive. The prices of this fodder processing procedure have been
compared with drying and grinding. It was find out that, depending on weather
conditions in harvest period, the costs for grinding and airtight storing of cereal grains
are 5 to 50% lower than for its drying and dry grinding. The profitability of moist
grinding and airtight storing of cereal grains processing procedure should be considered
concerning individual conditions, e.g. using of same grinding equipment for maize corn
processing, weather conditions, own and neighboring farms structure et cetera,Mlevenje vlažnog zrna kukuruza i hermetičko skladištenje je tehnologija
poznata u regionu Panonske nizije, kukuruznog pojasa Evrope. Energija potrebna za ovaj
način konzerviranja je niža nego za sušenje, posebno visokovlažnih kasnostasnih hibrida.
Isti postupak koristi se za konzerviranje zrna strnih Ĺľita u podruÄŤjima u kojima, zbog
klimatskih uslova, potpuno dozrevanje nije moguće, ili je vlažnost zrna u vreme žetve
visoka.
Niske cene zrna strnih žita uzrokovale su da se ono sve više koristi kao stočna hrana.
Žetva žitarica mogla bi da otpočne ranije, kada je vlažnost zrna 16-24%, te da se ono
samelje i hermetički skladišti, sa ili bez dodavanja sredstava za konzervaciju. Ovakvim
postupkom moglo bi da se produĹľi trajanje Ĺľetve, te da se kombajn duĹľe koristi, i da se
uštedi na troškovima skladištenja zrna.
U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja opisanog postupka konzerviranja zrna
pšenice i raži. Za mlevenje je korišćen uređaj sa dva para narebrenih valjaka. Mereni su
učinak, potrebna energija i ostvareno usitnjavanje zrna, a dobijeni rezultati upoređeni sa
onima drugih autora i sa rezultatima dobijenim mlevenjem čekićarem. Takođe su
obavljeni mikrobiološki testovi obrađenog materijala. Utvrđeno je da se mlevenjem
uređajem sa narebrenim valjcima ostvaruje veća krupnoća usitnjenog materijala, ali je
potrebno manje energije. Udeo bakterija i kvasaca, konzerviranog materijala veće
krupnoće, je ispod granica dozvoljenog, te su higijenski zahtevi zadovoljeni. U radu je
dato poređenje troškova prerade zrna ovim postupkom i upoređene sa cenom sušenja
i naknadnog drobljenja, za uslove u NemaÄŤkoj. U zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova
u vreme Ĺľetve postupkom mlevenja vlaĹľnog zrna i konzervacije hermetiÄŤkim
skladištenjem cena je za 5 do 50% niža nego ukoliko se zrno suši i kasnije melje.
Na osnovu cene žitarica, potrebnih ulaganja, i mogućnosti kombinovanja sa
preradom zrna kukuruza, svaki proizvođač treba da izračuna da li je ovakav postupak
prerade zrna strnih Ĺľita u konkretnim uslovima isplativ
Recommended from our members
Establishment of a Laboratory Scale Set-Up with Controlled Temperature and High Humidity to Investigate Dry Matter Losses of Wood Chips from Poplar during Storage
The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of dry matter losses (DML) that occur in wood chips during the initial phase of storage in outdoor piles. For this purpose, a laboratory scale storage chamber was developed and investigated regarding its ability to recreate the conditions that chips undergo during the initial phase of outdoor storage. Three trials with poplar Max-4 (Populus maximowiczii Henry Populus nigra L.) chips were performed for 6–10 weeks in the storage chamber under controlled temperature and assisted humidity. Two different setups were investigated to maintain a high relative humidity (RH) inside the storage chamber; one using water containers, and one assisted with a humidifier. Moisture content (MC) and DML of the chips were measured at different storage times to evaluate their storage behaviour in the chamber. Additionally, microbiological analyses of the culturable fraction of saproxylic microbiota were performed, with a focus on mesophilic fungi, but discriminating also xerophilic fungi, and mesophilic bacteria, with focus on actinobacteria, in two trials, to gain a view on the poplar wood chip-inhabiting microorganisms as a function of storage conditions (moisture, temperature) and time. Results show that DML up to 8.8–13.7% occurred in the chips within 6–10 storage weeks. The maximum DML were reached in the trial using the humidifier, which seemed a suitable technique to keep a high RH in the testing chamber, and thus, to analyse the wood chips in conditions comparable to those in outdoor piles during the initial storage phase
Recommended from our members
Methanbildungspotenziale verschiedener Pflanzenarten aus Energiefruchtfolgen
Das Methanbildungspotenzial ist ein entscheidendes Qualitätsmerkmal von Biomassen bei
ihrer Nutzung als Einsatzstoff fĂĽr die Biogasproduktion. Von 769 unter einheitlichen Bedingungen
silierten Erntegütern aus Energiefruchtfolgen wurden mittels Batch-Gärtests in zwei
verschiedenen Versuchsanlagen spezifische Methanausbeuten ermittelt. Daraus konnten
Richtwerte fĂĽr mittlere Methanausbeuten je Fruchtart und Fruchtfolgestellung, Schnitt bzw.
Trockenmassebereich oder Entwicklungsstadium zur Ernte fĂĽr 93 verschiedene pflanzliche
Biomassen abgeleitet werden. Die Ergebnisse stellen eine umfassende Datengrundlage dar,
die in Verbindung mit Biomasseerträgen für die Abschätzung von Methanhektarerträgen
zur ökonomischen und ökologischen Bewertung von Energiefruchtfolgen, zur Planung und
Auslegung von Biogasanlagen sowie zur Entscheidung hinsichtlich des Anbaus alternativer
pflanzlicher Kosubstrate und der Konzeption nachhaltiger Biogasfruchtfolgen genutzt werden
können.The methane production potential represents an essential quality parameter of biomass if
used as feedstock for biogas production. 769 harvested crop materials from crop rotations
were ensiled at standardized conditions and were analyzed regarding their specific methane
yields by applying two different experimental setups of batch anaerobic digestion tests.
Based on this analysis, reference values for average methane yields per crop species and
position within the crop rotation, cutting regime, range of dry matter content, or stage of
growth at harvest have been deduced for 93 different crop biomasses. Results provide a comprehensive
dataset that can be used in combination with biomass yields for the estimation of
methane hectare yields, for economic and ecological evaluation of energy crop rotations, for
planning and structural design of biogas plants as well as for decisions regarding the cultivation
of alternative co-substrates and the design of sustainable biogas crop rotations