Model Hubungan Antara Volume Lalulintas Dengan Tarif Jalan Tol

Indonesia has experienced increasing economic growth every year. This recent trend needs to be supported by adequate transportation infrastructures, especially roads. Since there is limited budget for infrastructure development, the government has invited private investors for toll road construction. Toll tariff and traffic volume are two main factors that affect toll road income and investment. A method based on financial approach needs to be developed to enhance the benefit cost analysis of toll road construction and furthermore to determine the toll tariff. Factors that affect toll tariff were analyzed based on vehicle number and vehicle growth rate. The elasticity theory was applied in this case study to identify the effects of toll tariff on traffic volume. A model of critical traffic volume was created based on the analysis of several factors such as construction cost, operation and maintenance cost, payback period, and internal rate of return. The results from Jia method and the Present Worth Factor (PWF) method show that the relationship between traffic volume and toll tariff is very sensitive, indicated by the elasticity value equal to 1. The difference between the two method is about 27% and is caused by the double counting on taxes on Jia method

Study of the vertical transmission of <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i> in naturally infected <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> ticks.

<p>PCR, polymerase chain reaction. TS, transstadial transmission (transfer of bacteria from stage to stage). TOT, transovarial transmission, the proportion of infected females giving rise to at least one positive egg or larva. FIR, the filial infection rate, the proportion of infected eggs or larvae obtained from an infected female. M: male. F: female.</p

The effect of temperature on <i>R. conorii conorii</i>-infected and non-infected engorged <i>Rhipicephalus sanguine</i> nymphs.

<p>The effect of temperature on <i>R. conorii conorii</i>-infected and non-infected engorged <i>Rhipicephalus sanguine</i> nymphs.</p

<i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> ticks during blood feeding on rabbits.

<p><i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> infected with <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i> during blood feeding on a New Zealand white rabbit, feces circled (left). Inflammation around a bite site of a female <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> infected with <i>R. conorii conorii</i> during feeding (right).</p

<i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> eggs and detection of <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i>.

<p>The eggs of a <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> infected with <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i>(left). Gimenez staining, the crushed eggs of a <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> infected with <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i> (right).</p

Monthly collections of sand flies by light traps in 2015.

<p>Monthly collections of sand flies by light traps in 2015.</p

The effect of temperature on <i>R. conorii conorii</i>-infected and non-infected <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> adults.

<p>The effect of temperature on <i>R. conorii conorii</i>-infected and non-infected <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> adults.</p

Primers and probes used for real time PCR and conventional PCR in this study.

<p>Primers and probes used for real time PCR and conventional PCR in this study.</p

<i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> salivary glands and detection of <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i>.

<p>Salivary glands of a Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with <i>Rickettsia conorii conorii</i> (left). Gimenez staining: smears of infected <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus salivary</i> glands (right).</p

Evidence of the influence of warmer weather and climate on <i>Rh. sanguineus</i> transmitted rickettsioses in humans.

<p>Evidence of the influence of warmer weather and climate on <i>Rh. sanguineus</i> transmitted rickettsioses in humans.</p