THE IMPACT OF HYPERURICEMIA ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LITERATURE

Objectives: The aim of the current work was to assess, following analysis of existing and widely available literature, whether increased levels of uric acid in blood serum have an impact on increased cardiovascular risk, and is urate-lowering treatment beneficial. Materials and Methods: A review was conducted using the PubMed database, limited to full-text, freely available publications from the past 10 years. The analysis focused primarily on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews related to hyperuricemia and cardiovascular risk. Results: The evidence indicates a consistent association between hyperuricemia and increased cardiovascular risk, including higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Although threshold values for hyperuricemia varied across studies, cardiovascular risk was shown to rise even with levels above 5 mg/dl. SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated both urate-lowering and cardioprotective effects. In contrast, traditional xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat) did not show a significant benefit in reducing cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for the increase in mortality and other adverse cardiovascular outcomes. SGLT2 inhibitors have shown to be promising in improving cardiovascular prognosis, while xanthine oxidase inhibitors presented no advantages. Further research in this subject is suggested

ACUTE APPENDICITIS IN PREGNANCY – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC CHALLENGES

Background: Acute appendicitis during pregnancy is one of the most common non-obstetric surgical conditions in pregnant women. However, due to the ambiguous symptoms that may be presented, an accurate diagnosis can be delayed or misinterpreted as a result of pregnancy-related changes. Aim: The aim of this article is to highlight the challenges involved in diagnosing and treating acute appendicitis in pregnant women. Methods: A review of scientific articles published on Google Scholar and PubMed from 2015 to 2025. Results: Acute appendicitis in pregnancy presents with identical symptoms or mimics several other diseases, not only obstetric conditions. Surgical treatment is recommended, but there are no clear guidelines favoring either laparoscopic or open methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate imaging modality for diagnosing acute appendicitis. Laboratory diagnostics do not provide definitive evidence for appendicitis in pregnancy. Conclusion: It is essential to be aware of the numerous ways acute appendicitis can present in pregnancy and to remain critical of an initially proposed diagnosis. The choice of surgical treatment largely depends on the experience and skill of the physician. Therefore, continuous education is necessary to understand the challenges associated with this condition

DENGUE: A GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGE - CURRENT VIEWS ON PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Background: Dengue is a global threat expanding its geographic reach and spreading to a growing world population. Up to 3 billion people are at risk. Dengue virus infection can be asymptomatic or sparse, but can also cause dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Aim: The purpose of this article is to highlight the challenges of effective treatment, multi-pronged prevention and safe immunoprophylaxis of dengue virus. Methods: A review of scientific articles published on PubMed and Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025. Results: Due to the number and complexity of dengue serotypes, as well as the antibody-dependent amplification mechanism characteristic of this virus, creating a universal, effective and safe vaccine is a difficult task. It is all the more important because of the lack of specific treatment, which is so necessary in the case of a severe course of the disease in the form of hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome. It is also necessary to control vectors through chemical, biological and environmental methods. Conclusion: Dengue is now a serious global public health threat that requires urgent action. Key areas for further research and development include a better understanding of pathogenesis, especially in the context of symptomatic DENV infections, and increased work on a variety of treatment and control options, as well as the development of a universal, safe and effective vaccine. The ultimate goal is to reduce the threat of the disease worldwide

THE USE OF STEM CELLS IN THE TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES - CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES

Introduction and aim: Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, remain highly challenging due to their progressive course and lack of disease-modifying therapies. Stem cell-based strategies are increasingly investigated for their potential in neuroregeneration, immunomodulation and functional recovery. This study aims to summarize current evidence on stem cell applications in neurodegenerative diseases based on recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Material and methods: A structured literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar using the terms “stem cells,” “neurodegenerative diseases,” “clinical trials,” “systematic review,” and “meta-analysis.” Eligible publications included English-language systematic reviews and human studies from 2015–2025. Over 30 relevant sources were analyzed by disease type and stem cell modality. Results: Most studies report a favorable safety profile, particularly with mesenchymal (MSC), neural (NSC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease demonstrated measurable motor improvements, while applications in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injuries showed immunomodulatory and functional benefits. Evidence in Alzheimer’s disease and ALS remains limited and preliminary. Across conditions, heterogeneity of methods and small sample sizes reduce generalizability. Conclusions: Stem cell therapy shows promise as an innovative approach in neurodegenerative disorders, though it remains experimental. Encouraging early outcomes highlight the need for large-scale, standardized and long-term trials to confirm efficacy, optimize protocols and ensure safety. Stem cells may become central to neuroregenerative medicine, but they are not yet ready for routine clinical use

ADVANCES IN ENDOMETRIOSIS THERAPY: A REVIEW OF TARGETED THERAPIES, NANOPARTICLES AND STEM CELLS

Background: Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of active endometrium outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the pelvis. It affects an estimated 10-15% of women of childbearing age and is often associated with infertility, chronic pelvic pain, painful menstruation, and dyspareunia. Despite its high prevalence and significant impact on quality of life, the cause of endometriosis remains unclear, and the available treatment methods have many limitations. Aim: This article aims to review current developments in endometriosis treatment, with a focus on new therapeutic strategies involving targeted therapies, nanoparticles and stem cells. Methods: An analysis of the latest (2015-2025) literature from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to synthesize the available information. Search terms included combinations of “Endometriosis treatment,” “pathogenesis of Endometriosis,” “an update on Endometriosis,” “new therapeutics in Endometriosis,” and “immunotherapy in Endometriosis,” “stem cells and the Endometrium.” Results: In recent years, there has been significant progress in developing targeted therapies that modulate specific signaling pathways, hormone receptors, inflammatory cytokines, and angiogenesis within endometrial lesions. Concurrently, the importance of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly in the context of precision drug delivery using nanoparticles, is growing. Additionally, regenerative therapies using stem cells are receiving increasing attention. These therapies offer the potential to repair damaged tissues and modulate the immune response. Conclusion: Although preliminary studies are promising, the introduction of these innovative therapies requires further multi-center studies and evaluation of safety and cost. The integration of targeted therapies, nanotechnology and stem cells along with modern molecular diagnostics may soon revolutionize the treatment of endometriosis. This will pave the way for more effective and less invasive methods to improve patients' quality of life

INNOVATIONS IN OBESITY TREATMENT – GLP – 1 PHARMACOTHERAPY AND BARIATRIC SURGERY

Background: Obesity is a growing global health challenge requiring effective, long - term treatment strategies. This paper focus on two leading innovations: GLP - 1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery. GLP - 1 - based pharmacotherapy, including agents like semaglutide and tirzepatide, has shown impressive weight loss outcomes by regulating appetite and glucose metabolism. Meanwhile, bariatric procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass remain the most effective interventions for severe obesity, offering sustained weight reduction and improvement of metabolic comorbidities. By comparing the efficiency, safety, and indications of both approaches, this paper show how pharmacological and surgical treatments can work synergistically to improve patient outcomes in obesity management. Aim: The aim of this article is to highlight the challenges involved in treating obesity especially using GLP - 1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery. Methods: A review of scientific articles published on ResearchGate and PubMed from 2013 to 2025. Results: Both GLP - 1 receptor agonists and metabolic surgery were found to be effective in reducing body weight and improving metabolic health in obese patients. Treatment with GLP - 1 analogs such as liraglutide or semaglutide led to moderate weight loss, typically between 5–15% of initial body weight. These medications also improved blood sugar control and lipid levels. Metabolic surgery, including sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass, resulted in greater weight reduction - often 25 - 35%, and more significant improvement in conditions like type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Interestingly, GLP - 1 levels tend to rise after surgery, suggesting that hormonal changes may partly explain the effectiveness of surgical interventions. In summary, both approaches show clear benefits, with surgery providing stronger effects, while GLP - 1 therapy offers a less invasive option. Conclusion: GLP - 1 receptor agonists and metabolic surgery are methods to cure obesity and both of these methods are effective. GLP - 1 therapies offer a non - invasive option with metabolic benefits, while surgery provides greater and more sustained weight loss. The rise in GLP - 1 levels after surgery suggests shared mechanisms. Choosing the right approach should be based on individual patient needs and clinical factors

THE IMPACT OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE COURSE OF DISEASES, INCLUDING BREAST CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

Introduction and purpose: Selenium is a trace element that plays a huge role in the human body. It acts mainly through enzymes—selenoproteins—which protect cells from oxidative stress, participate in thyroid hormone metabolism, and also have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of selenium levels and the effects of selenium supplementation on human health, including breast cancer prevention and treatment. Description of the state of knowledge: Selenium supplementation plays an important role in thyroid diseases and may influence the development and course of type II diabetes, neurological and psychiatric diseases. Selenium and its supplementation have been shown to influence female and male fertility, as well as the course of pregnancy and the health of the mother and fetus. Selenium is involved in the activation of the immune system and has the ability to modulate lipid metabolism, which is beneficial in cardiovascular diseases. Research is ongoing on the effect of selenium supplementation in the prevention and treatment of cancer, including breast cancer. Some studies show a reduction in incidence and improved prognosis in patients supplementing with selenium. Conclusions: Current data from numerous studies indicate the benefits of selenium supplementation, especially in patients with selenium deficiency. Further detailed clinical and experimental studies on large groups of patients are needed to confirm the effectiveness and clearly determine the potential benefits or harms associated with selenium supplementation in various health conditions

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE: PLATELET-RICH PLASMA FOR OVARIAN REJUVENATION AND INFERTILITY - A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Introduction and purpose: Regenerative medicine has introduced new biological strategies to improve ovarian function in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Among them, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) - a concentrate of platelets derived from the patient’s own blood - has gained interest for its potential to stimulate follicular growth and enhance reproductive capacity. PRP contains various growth factors and cytokines that promote angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and tissue repair. This review summarizes current evidence regarding PRP’s mechanisms of action, clinical effects, and safety in the context of ovarian rejuvenation. State of knowledge: PRP is obtained by centrifuging autologous blood to increase platelet concentration, followed by activation using agents such as calcium chloride or thrombin. Once activated, platelets release growth factors including PDGF, VEGF, EGF, IGF, and TGF-β, which are involved in tissue regeneration and modulation of inflammation. When injected into the ovaries, PRP may stimulate dormant follicles, improve blood flow, and alter the ovarian microenvironment via anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Early clinical studies report encouraging outcomes such as improved ovarian reserve markers and pregnancy rates. Conclusions: PRP therapy is a promising, minimally invasive technique with potential to support ovarian function in selected patients with POI or DOR. Its use is biologically justified by the regenerative properties of platelet-derived factors. Nevertheless, due to limited and low-quality evidence, as well as a lack of standardized preparation and administration protocols, PRP cannot yet be recommended as routine treatment

THE ROLE OF DANCE MOVEMENT THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION: AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE

Background: Depression is a widespread mental disorder affecting approximately 280 million people worldwide. While pharmacological treatments and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are considered first-line interventions, there has been growing interest in recent years in complementary, non-pharmacological therapies, such as Dance Movement Therapy (DMT), which offers a holistic, body-centered approach to improving mental health outcomes. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the current evidence on the effectiveness of Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) in the treatment of depression. It seeks to understand the mechanisms through which DMT exerts its effects and to identify specific populations that may benefit most from this intervention. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, covering the years 2015 to 2025. Results: DMT has demonstrated positive effects on depressive symptoms across various populations. Improvements were noted not only in mood but also in cognitive functioning, physical health, interpersonal relationships, and emotional regulation. While effect sizes varied, consistent within-group improvements and high adherence rates were observed. Conclusion: DMT is a safe, engaging, and potentially effective adjunctive treatment for depression, especially when personalized and delivered by trained professionals. Its multicausal mechanism of action makes it a valuable tool in the integrative treatment of depressive disorders. Further high-quality, randomized studies are needed to establish standardized clinical guidelines

Difference in bacterial microbiota on the ocular surface between dry eyes and healthy eyes : A literature review

Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka om det finns en skillnad i bakteriell normalflora på den okulära ytan hos individer med torra ögon, i jämförelse med friska ögon. Metod: Studien var en litteraturöversikt. Sökningar utfördes i tre databaser, och inkluderade kliniska studier som undersökte sammansättningen av den okulära ytans bakterieflora hos friska ögon respektive torra ögon. Sökorden som användes var microb*, microorganism*, bacteria*, flora, ocular, conjunctiva*, cornea*, 16S. Sökningar utfördes i databaserna PubMed, Web of Science och Science Direct mellan 21 mars 2024 och 5 april 2024. Resultat: I majoriteten av studierna var de vanligaste fyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes och Proteobacteria, för både friska och torra ögon. Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Cutibacterium och Staphylococcus var bland de vanligaste släktena för friska ögon. Vanligaste släkten för torra ögon var Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Chelatococcus, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas och Staphylococcus. Acinetobacter, Chelatococcus och Pseudomonas sågs däremot inte enbart hos torra ögon, utan förekom även bland friska ögon.  Slutsats: Det fanns ingen konsekvent skillnad i den bakteriella normalfloran mellan friska och torra ögon, på fylum- eller släktnivå. Skillnader kan möjligtvis förekomma i relativ förekomst, och vidare studier kan utreda ifall detta samband finns.Purpose: The purpose of this literature review is to investigate if there is a difference in the bacterial microbiota of the ocular surface in eyes affected by dry eye disease (DED), in comparison to healthy eyes. Method: This study was a literature review. Searches were conducted in three databases, and included clinical studies that investigated the composition of the bacterial microbiota of the ocular surface in healthy eyes compared to subjects with DED. The keywords used were microb*, microorganism*, bacteria*, flora, ocular, conjunctiva*, cornea*, 16S. The searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct, between 21 March 2024 and 5 April 2024. Result: In a majority of the studies the most common phyla were Actinobacteria, Firmicutes och Proteobacteria, for both healthy and dry eyes. Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Cutibacterium och Staphylococcus were the most common genera for healthy eyes. Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Chelatococcus, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas och Staphylococcus were most common for dry eyes. Acinetobacter, Chelatococcus och Pseudomonas were however not exclusive to DED, but could also be seen in healthy eyes. Conclusion: No consistent difference could be observed in the composition of the bacterial microbiota between healthy and dry eyes, at the phylum or genus level. Differences in relative abundance might exist, and further research could explore if such a connection is real