Characterization of a 0.14 μm Submicron NMOS with Silvaco TCAD Simulator

A 0.14 μm NMOS was simulated using ATHENA and ATLAS modules from TCAD simulator. The electrical characteristics of the submicron device were studied. Constant field scaling was applied to the following parameters: the effective channel length, the density of the ion implantation for threshold voltage (VTH) adjustment, and the gate oxide thickness (TOX). Additional techniques implemented to avoid short channel effects in submicron devices were shallow trench isolation (STI), sidewall spacer deposition, lightly doped drain (LDD) implantation, and retrograde well implantation. The results show that retrograde well implantation allowed the highest density of the dopant to fall below the surface of the substrate. With the application of sidewall spacer and LDD implantation, a lighter doped region was created beyond the n+ drain/source junction. As the layers of metallization increases, it was observed that drain current (ID) increased as well. The important parameters for NMOS were measured and validated

Device Characterization of 0.21 μm CMOS Device

The objective of this study was ot measure the electrical characteristics, observe the structure and characterize the material of 0.21μm CMOS devices. The material characterization of the 0.21μm CMOS devices were carried out using FIB milling technique, SEM surface morphology and EDX Analysis. The CVIV tester was used for electrical characterization of the device. All the IDVD and IDVG graphs obtained are similar to the standard graph. There are two ways to calculate the devices VTH manual calculation method and auto calcualtion method. Calculation of the VTH by using the manual calcuation method was found to be more accurate than the auto calcuation method. The VTH value for NMOS and PMOS obtained from this study is 0.398393 AND -0.715700. Both these values are compared with the standard VTH value from Silterra, where this calculation involved polynomial regression technique in MATLAB. It is found that, the tested PMOS devices are practical but the tested NMOS devices are not. The materials used to fabricate this device has been obtained and shown. The electrical and material characteristics of the 0.21μm CMOS devices are successfully characterized by using the above methods

Coastal change detection using GIS in Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu, Malaysia.

The Peninsular Malaysia coastline, which is covered about 4,800 km in length, is rich by coastal resources and has an abundance of natural biodiversity. The development which occurred along the coastal lines have led to the host of problems such as increased erosion, siltation, and loss of coastal resources and the destruction of the fragile marine habitat. In order to conserve the depleting coastal resources, the changes due to development and associated activities must be monitored. This paper was intended to detect changes of coastal area in Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu and to provide future database in coastal management studies. Analysis was carried out using GIS platform and the results of coastal change were disseminated in digital format which can be used for conducting further geographic analysis. The results showed that from 1980 to 2004, the movement of sand spit was about 7.0 m/yr for shoreline length and 0.8 m/yr for the small islands. This study emphasized that the critical areas were found around the estuary and islands were eroded slowly due to the waves, current and dominant winds actions during monsoon loaded. The other factor was due to depletion of the mangrove forest areas. It is therefore necessary to monitor coastal zone changes because the importance of environmental parameter, storm impact prevention and human disturbance

The development of local solar irradiance for outdoor computer graphics rendering

Atmospheric effects are approximated by solving the light transfer equation, LTE, of a given viewing path. The resulting accumulated spectral energy (its visible band) arriving at the observer’s eyes, defines the colour of the object currently on the line of sight. Due to the convenience of using a single rendering equation to solve the LTE for daylight sky and distant objects (aerial perspective), recent methods had opt for a similar kind of approach. Alas, the burden that the real-time calculation brings to the foil had forced these methods to make simplifications that were not in line with the actual world observation. Consequently, the results of these methods are laden with visual-errors. The two most common simplifications made were: i) assuming the atmosphere as a full-scattering medium only and ii) assuming a single density atmosphere profile. This research explored the possibility of replacing the real-time calculation involved in solving the LTE with an analytical-based approach. Hence, the two simplifications made by the previous real-time methods can be avoided. The model was implemented on top of a flight simulator prototype system since the requirements of such system match the objectives of this study. Results were verified against the actual images of the daylight skies. Comparison was also made with the previous methods’ results to showcase the proposed model strengths and advantages over its peers

Parameter optimization towards highest micro MIM density by using Taguchi method

Nowadays, micro metal injection molding has become among the promising method in powder metallurgy research to produce small-scale intricate part at an effective process and competitive cost for mass production. This paper investigated the optimization of highest green strength which plays an important characteristic in determining the successful of micro MIM. In this paper, stainless steel SS 316L with D50 = 5.96µm was used with composite binder, which consists of PEG (Polyethelena Glycol), PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrilate) and SA (Stearic Acid). Feedstock with 61.5% with several injection parameters were optimized which highly significant through screening experiment such as injection pressure(A), injection temperature(B), mold temperature(C), injection time(D) and holding time(E). Besides that, interaction effects between injection pressure, injection temperature and mold temperature were also considered to optimize in the Taguchi’s orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N-larger is better) for green density was also presented in this paper. Result shows that interaction between injection temperature and mold temperature(BxC) give highest significant factor followed by interaction between injection pressure and mold temperature(AxC). Single factor that also contributes to significant optimization are mold temperature(C) and injection time(D). This study shows that Taguchi method would be among the best method to solve the problem with minimum number of trials

Predicción de las propiedades mecánicas de un hormigón utilizando técnicas inteligentes para reducir las emisiones de CO2

The contribution to global CO2 emissions from concrete production is increasing. In this paper, the effect of concrete mix constituents on the properties of concrete and CO2 emissions was investigated. The tested materials used 47 mixtures, consisting of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type I, coarse aggregate, river sand and chemical admixtures. Response surface methodology (RSM) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithms were employed to evaluate the mix constituents at different levels simultaneously. Quadratic and line models were produced to fit the experimental results. Based on these models, the concrete mixture necessary to achieve optimum engineering properties was found using RSM and PSO. The resulting mixture required to obtain the desired mechanical properties for concrete was 1.10-2.00 fine aggregate/cement, 1.90-2.90 coarse aggregate/cement, 0.30-0.4 water/cement, and 0.01-0.013 chemical admixtures/cement. Both methods had over 94% accuracy, compared to the experimental results. Finally, by employing RSM and PSO methods, the number of experimental mixtures tested could be reduced, saving time and money, as well as decreasing CO2 emissions.La contribución a las emisiones globales de CO2 debidas a la producción de hormigón está aumentando. En este trabajo, se investigó el efecto de los componentes de la mezcla de hormigón en las propiedades del mismo y las emisiones de CO2. Los materiales estudiados fueron 47 mezclas, que consistieron en cemento Portland ordinario (OPC) tipo I, árido grueso, arena de río y aditivos químicos. Se utilizaron algoritmos de metodología de respuesta de superficie (RSM) y optimización de nube de partículas (PSO) para evaluar los componentes de la mezcla a diferentes niveles simultáneamente. Se elaboraron modelos cuadráticos y lineales para ajustar los resultados experimentales. Basándose en estos modelos, utilizando RSM y PSO, la mezcla de hormigón logró propiedades óptimas de ingeniería. La mezcla resultante requerida para obtener las propiedades mecánicas deseadas para el hormigón fue de 1.10-2.00 árido fino / cemento, 1.90-2.90 árido grueso / cemento, 0.30-0.4 agua / cemento y 0.01-0.013 aditivos químicos / cemento. Ambos métodos tuvieron más del 94% de precisión, en comparación con los resultados experimentales. Finalmente, al emplear los métodos RSM y PSO, el número de mezclas experimentales probadas podría reducirse, ahorrando tiempo y dinero, así como disminuyendo las emisiones de CO2

Functional Attachment in Kuching Riverfront Promenade, Sarawak - Malaysia

The relationship between people and certain places can stimulate the sense of place, this process is recognized as place attachment. Place attachment also indicates the relationship between physical image and its function, through this process the sense of a place can be established. These concepts focus on the physical elements and activities together with the meanings influenced by users that will create the identity and the meaning of the place. Allowing for this issue, the research examines the functional attachment which will affect the level of attachment in Kuching Riverfront Promenade (KRP), a popular public space among local people. By using indirect method to simplify common patterns and human-specific patterns of the place, this research covers subject of place attachment. Questionnaire survey were led to a certain area of the promenade with an overall of 165 respondents and 18 stall operators were interviewed. The findings point out that the respondents have a strong association with the local environment and designate the importance of place as economics’ dependence and recreational place. The level of functional attachment to KRP is between level 1 to level 4. Measuring at level 4 involves a higher commitment in loyalty, goals and obedience to the environment