The Relationship of Cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) Expression with Clinical Presentation, Staging, and Degree of Differentiation in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide. Although the recent development of adjuvant treatment has developed rapidly, it has only slightly Increased the survival rate of CRC Patients in an advanced stage. The prognosis of CRC patient strongly influenced by Several factors, such as tumor stage, clinical manifestations, histopathology and molecular oncogenicity of the tumor. COX-2 is an enzyme that plays a role in converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. The end product of COX-2 contributes to various biological factors in triggering tumor growth. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship of COX-2 expression with the clinical presentation such as patient age, location, and size of the tumor and histopathology in CRC patients

Multi-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Profiling of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates from Blood Cultures and Gallbladder Specimens from Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia

Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis differentiated 297 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi blood culture isolates from Makassar in 76 genotypes and a single unique S. Typhi genotype was isolated from the cholecystectomy specimens of four patients with cholelithiasis. The high diversity in S. Typhi genotypes circulating in Makassar indicates that the number of carriers could be very large, which may complicate disease prevention and control

Bacteria isolated from cholecystectomy specimens of patients from Makassar.

<p>Bacteria isolated from cholecystectomy specimens of patients from Makassar.</p

Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 plasma levels and mRNA expression in polytrauma patients

Purpose: Host response to polytrauma occasionally has unpredictable outcomes. Immune response is a major factor influencing patient's outcome. This study evaluated the interaction of two main cytokines in immune response after major trauma, specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Plasma level of these cytokines is determined by mRNA expression of these cytokines genes which may decide the outcome of polytrauma patients. Methods: This prospective multicenter trial held at four trauma centers enrolled 54 polytrauma patients [Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16]. Plasma levels and mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured for 5 days after trauma. Clinical evaluation was conducted to observe whether patients endured multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death. MODS evaluation was performed using sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA). Trauma load which in this study is represented with ISS, plasma level, expression of cytokine genes and patient's outcome were examined with correlation test and statistical analysis. Results: The elevated IL-6/IL-10 ratio indicated increased activity of systemic inflammation response, especially pro-inflammation response which bears higher probability of progressing to MODS and death. The decline of IL-6/IL-10 ratio with heavy trauma load (ISS > 30) showed that compensatory anti-inflammation response syndrome (CARS) state was more dominant than systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), indicating that malfunction and failure of immune system eventually lead to MODS and deaths. The statistical significance in plasma level of cytokines was found in the outcome group which was defined as bearing a low trauma load but mortality. Conclusion: The pattern of cytokine levels in inflammation response has great impact on the outcome of polytrauma patients. Further study at the genetic level is needed to investigate inflammation process which may influence patient's outcome

Geographic location of the homes of four cholelithiasis patients infected with <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi along with the location of all homes of culture positive typhoid patients.

<p>The location of the homes of the <i>S.</i> Typhi positive cholelithiasis patients are depicted on the map of Makassar along with the homes of all <i>S.</i> Typhi blood culture positive typhoid patients with patients diagnosed in 2010 and those diagnosed in the period 2004–2009 indicated with different colours.</p

The EInd100 genotype and the dendrograph of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi genotypes.

<p>Multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis was performed for 297 <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi blood culture isolates from typhoid patients and four isolates from cholecystectomy specimens taken from cholelithiasis patients from Makassar, South-Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on the variation observed at five highly variable loci a rooted tree was constructed by the unweighted-pair group method with an arithmetic mean algorithm using <i>S.</i> Typhi strain CT18 as reference (querried strain) and depicted together with the MLVA pattern and the number of isolates obtained from each genotype. Genotype EInd100 was isolated from four cholelithiasis patients; all other genotypes are from blood culture isolates from typhoid patients.</p

Risk Assessment in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Family by Using APC and MSH2 mRNA Gene Expression and Bayesian Analysis

BACKGROUND: Some of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are familial, however, heterozygote relatives have approximately 80% lifetime risk of cancer. Risk assessment of CRC’s family could be calculated by direct measurement of mRNA gene expression and Bayesian theorem which is modifying initial background of pedigree risk with additional conditional information. This application has not been reported.METHODS: The cross-sectional translational sequential studies were performed: (1) adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and MutS homolog (MSH)2 mRNA quantitative RT PCR gene expressions in tissue and whole blood CRC patients; (2) gene expression was determined in matched controls; and (3) pedigree and Bayesian analysis was calculated in the patient’s family of Proband.RESULTS: Fourty CRC and 31 control subjects were enrolled. The mean blood APC level control’s group was 13,261±670 fold-change (fc) and blood MSH2 level was 12,219±756 fc. The cut-off points for hereditary APC was 12,195 fc and MSH2 was 11,059 fc. The mean APC blood level in CRC subject was 11,578±2,638 fc and MSH2 blood level was 11,411±2,912 fc. There were significant differences APC and MSH level between tissue and blood level in CRC. Eight of 40 CRC subjects had a history of familial CRC. Four patients and 10 Probands were available for recurrence risk evaluation of pedigree analysis, RNA PCR quantitative and Bayesian calculation.CONCLUSION: There was determined a cut-off point of hereditary mRNA quantitative expression. The APC and MSH2 levels in CRC subjects were significantly lower than controls. Bayesian analysis allowed for the calculation of relative risk in CRC family members and considered in clinical practice.KEYWORDS: hereditary CRC, APC gene, MSH gene, Bayesian analysi