Vanilla From Black Liquor.

VANILLA, which is a favorite flavor among the cooks and chefs, originally comes from vanilla orchid or scientifically known as vanilla planifolia

Stability of andrographolide in andrographis paniculata under selected storage conditions.

Fresh Andrographis paniculata was dried by a thin layer drying technique using hot air at a temperature of 55 °C and velocity of 1.0 m/s. The dried sample was then ground and kept in air-tight glass bottles at three sel ected storage conditions (5±2°C; 25±2°C with 60%±5% RH; 30±2°C with(60%±5%RH) for three months period. The contents of the active compound andrographolide present in the dried Andrographis paniculata at the beginning and at the end of each month during the storage period were determined by using the HPLC. It was found that there was no significant reduction of the active compound andrographolide for all of the selected storage conditions. Storage at ambient conditions (30±2°C, 60±5% RH) was also able to maintain andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata during the three months period. This would enhance the production and supply of Andrographis paniculata as raw material with ease, without requiring the use of cooling equipment for storage purpose

Influence of unscheduled stop and dwell time of minibus public transport on transit time in Kano Metropolis

Minibus has been one of the modes of public transport in Nigerian cities. Despite its positive impact on urban mobility demand, it is however,  associated with some problems which make its service ineffective. This study explores the operating characteristics of minibus public transport in  Kano metropolis. It also examines the influence of unscheduled random stops and dwell times of minibus on passengers' transit time. Data were collected on the number of random stop, dwell time per stop, and travel time from route’s origin to destination using an in-vehicle observation  technique. Four major routes on which minibuses operate were used for the study. Finding from this study revealed that minibus public transport in Kano city is characterized by recurring unscheduled random stops and long dwell time. Across the routes studied, the total number of unscheduled  stops ranges from 18 to 23 per trip while the cumulative dwell time per trip constitutes 40 to 60% of the transit time leading to increase in overall passenger’s travel time, with attendant delay to the users. A weak correlation exists between the number of unscheduled stops and transit time,  indicating a less influence on the transit time. However, a strong correlation exists between dwell time during stops and travel time which is an indication of a substantial influence on transit time. Further analysis revealed that variations of recurring unscheduled stops and dwell times  account for about 74% of variability in minibus transit time. Finding from test of significance at α 0.05 revealed pvalues of 0.845 and 7.34E-43 for number of stop and dwell time, respectively. This suggests that the number of stop does not influence the transit time significantly; whereas, the  dwell time influences the transit time significantly. This implies that increase in passengers’ transit time is substantially due to the long dwell time during unscheduled random stop rather than the number of stop itself. Keywords: Minibus, public transport, unscheduled stop, dwell time, transit tim

Design of LNA at 5.8GHz with Cascode and Cascaded Techniques Using T-Matching Network for WiMAX Applications

This project presents a 5.8 GHz Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) design with cascode and cascaded techniques using T-matching network applicable for IEEE 802.16 standard.The amplifier uses the FHX76LP Low Noise SuperHEMT FET. The design simulation process is done by using the Advance Design System (ADS) software. The cascode and cascaded low noise amplifier (LNA) produces a gain of 53.4dB and noise figure (NF) of 1.2dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are -24.3dB and -23.9dB respectively. The input sensitivity is complying with the IEEE 802.16 standards

Simulation of Single Stage Cascode Low Noise Amplifier at 5.8GHz Using T-Matching Network

This paper presents a 5.8 GHz single stage cascode low noise amplifier using T-matching techniques for IEEE 802.16 standard. The amplifier use FHX76LP Low Noise SuperHEMT FET. The design simulation process is using Advance Design System (ADS) software. The cascode low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 17.21dB and noise figure (NF) at 0.845dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are -12.71dB and -15.52dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier is 1GHz. The input sensitivity is complying with the IEEE 802.16 standards

The Cascode and Cascaded Techniques LNA at 5.8GHz Using T-Matching Network for WiMAX Applications

This project presents the cascode and cascaded techniques LNA at 5.8GHz using T-matching network applicable for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WIMAX) application. The amplifier uses FHX76LP Low Noise SuperHEMT FET. The LNA designed used T-matching network consisting of lump element reactive element at the input and the output terminal. The cascode and cascaded low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 52.4dB and noise figure (NF) at 1.3dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are -19.71dB and -10.07dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier is more than 1.24GHz. The input sensitivity is compliant with the IEEE 802.16 standards

High Gain of Cascode LNA at 5.8GHz Using T-Matching Network for wireless Applications

This paper presents a design of high gain single stage cascode low noise amplifier (LNA), which operates at 5.8GHz frequency for WIMAX application. The LNA design used T-Matching network consisting of lump reactive element at input and output matching. The design simulation process is using Advance Design System (ADS) software. A cascode low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 19.52dB and noise figure (NF) at 1.195dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are -18.86dB and -19.49dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier is more than 1GHz. The input sensitivity is complying with the IEEE 802.16 standards. The LNA used FHX76LP low noise SuperHEMT FET transistor from Eudyna Inc

Low Noise Amplifier at 5.8GHz with Cascode and Cascaded Techniques Using T-Matching Network for Wireless Applications

This paper present a 5.8 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) design with cascode and cascaded techniques using T-matching network applicable for IEEE 802.16 standard. The amplifier use FHX76LP Low Noise SuperHEMT FET. The design simulation process is using Advance Design System (ADS) software. The cascode and cascaded low noise amplifier (LNA) produced gain of 36.52dB and noise figure (NF) at 1.2dB. The input reflection (S11) and output return loss (S22) are -21.1dB and -27.7dB respectively. The bandwidth of the amplifier is more than 1GHz. The input sensitivity is complying with the IEEE 802.16 standards

Improving growth and productivity of tomato by some biostimulants and micronutrients with or without mulching

Two field experiments were doled out during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to assess tomato growth and yield as affected by some biostimulants and micronutrients with or without mulching type. Certain physiological characters were also examined, plant height, the number of branches per plant chlorophyll a, nitrogen %, red fruit weight and total yield per plant as well as fruit firmness and ascorbic acid concentration in fruit was increased in tomatoes under black plastic mulch compared with bar soil. Application of either biostimulants or micronutrient used to increase all growth and yield characters as well as photosynthetic pigments, ions percentage, and fruit quality. Additive effects were shown under mulching, seaweed extract proved to be the most effective in this respect. It could be recommended that spraying tomato crop at 35 and 50 days from transplanting with 500 mg/l seaweed extract under clear or black plastic mulch in order for inducing the highest yield and improve fruit quality