Simulation of Ammonia Production using HYSYS Software

Now-a-days, Because of cost and time consuming in the design of plants chemical engineer used simulators to simulate design and operation of chemical equipment and plant,  which spares a great deal of time and cash.Today, there are many number of the simulators are refreshed and utilized in the simulation of chemical equipment and plant such as ChemCad, ProII, UniSim……..etc. Among of these simulators, Aspen Hysys is the most utilized programming in all ventures because of aiding in two noteworthy fields (design & operation). Simulation of ammonia synthesis process is done on Aspen Hysys V8.8 with steady state mode making some assumptions and using hypothetical reactors ammonia. By fluctuating the distinctive parameters in this simulation environment, the impact of these parameters in the generation rate of the procedure are watched. Keywords: Ammonia, Simulation, Aspen Hysys DOI: 10.7176/CPER/62-03 Publication date: January 31st 202

Future chlorine-bromine loading and ozone depletion

The prediction of future ozone requires three elements: (1) a scenario for the net emissions of chemically and radiatively active trace gases from the land and oceans; (2) a global atmospheric model that projects the accumulation of these gases; and (3) a chemical transport model that describes the distribution of ozone for a prescribed atmospheric composition and climate. This chapter, of necessity, presents models for all three elements and focuses on the following: (1) atmospheric abundance of chlorine and bromine in the form of halocarbons; and (2) the associated perturbations to stratospheric ozone

A new simulation model for calculating the internal exposure of some radionuclides

A new model based on a series of mathematical functions for estimating excretion rates following the intake of nine different radionuclides is presented in this work. The radionuclides under investigation are: cobalt, iodine, cesium, strontium, ruthenium, radium, thorium, plutonium, and uranium. The committed effective dose has been calculated by our model so as to obtain the urinary and faecal excretion rates for each radionuclide. The said model is further validated by a comparison with the widely spread Mondal software and a simulation program. The results obtained show a harmony between the Mondal package and the model we have constructed

The effect of wildfires on wood-decay fungi in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Background: In late November and early December of 2019, wildfires occurred over portions of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. More than 4,000 ha were affected by the wildfires. The objective of the research reported herein was to access the impact of these wildfires on the assemblages of wood-decay fungi associated with the study areas in the park.Methods: The investigated fungi were confined to two study areas; the first subjected to a relatively high intensity burn and the second subjected to a relatively low intensity burn. In addition to specimens of fungi obtained in the field, small pieces of coarse woody debris were assembled, brought back to the laboratory and placed in plastic chambers for incubation and kept moist. Over the course of two months, fruiting bodies appearing in these incubation chambers were observed and collected. All specimens from both the field and incubation chambers were identified from sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA.Results: A total of 31 different taxa were identified along with nine taxa reported previously as unknown and uncultured. However, almost all of these records were from the study area subjected to the relatively low intensity burn.Conclusion: The relatively high intensity burn site was almost completely devoid of wood-decay fungi.Keywords: Great Smoky Mountains National Park; ITS ribosomal DNA region; Wood-decay fung

RESPONSE OF THE SLOW-GROWING MISTLETOE FIG (FICUS DELTOIDEA JACK.) PLANT TO FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS AND GROWTH ACTIVATOR 1. THE LIQUID COMMERCIAL PRODUCT OF NITROPHENOLATES

Two pot experiments were conducted under plastic house (temperature, R.H. and light intensity inside the plastic houseduring the course of study were ranged between: 24.5-38.7°C, 46.6- 81.5% and 500-600 lux, respectively) at the nursery of Hort. Res. Int., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2012 and 2013 seasons to study the effect of a liquid commercial product which contains 1g/l sodium 5- nitroguaiacolate + 2g/l sodium ortho-nitrophenolate + 3g/l sodium para-nitrophenolate when added individually or in combination, monthly for 5 repeats during the growing season, either as a foliar spray or as a soil drench at the rates of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 cm3/l on growth performance and chemical composition of the slow-growing Ficus deltoidea Jack. foliage pot-plant. The results of the experiments showed that all vegetative and root growth parameters were improved in response to the various treatments used in this work with the different significance levels relative to an untreated control in both seasons. Spraying the foliage with the low and medium levels gave, to some extent better results than the high level, while that was true for soil drench method when nitrophenolates were drenched at the low rate. Increasing level of nitrophenolates to 1.0 cm3/l did not cause any additional improvementin growth, whereas combining between the two application methods clearly enhanced growth. So, the supremacy was for the combination of foliar spray and soil drench at 1.0 cm3/l for each, as this combination gave the highest means in most cases of the two seasons. A similar trend was also attained concerning the leaf content of chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids , N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn, as these constituents were higher in the leaves of treated plants by the twomethods of application at the high level for both (1.0 cm3/l) than in the leaves of plants treated with other treatments.Hence, it is recommended to apply the liquid commercial product of nitrophenolates to mistletoe fig plant, monthly for 5 times during the growing season, as a foliar spray and soil drench at the rate of 1.0 cm3/l for each to attain better growth performance and chemical composition

RESPONSE OF THE SLOW-GROWING MISTLETOE FIG (FICUS DELTOIDEA JACK. ) PLANT TO FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS AND GROWTH ACTIVATOR 2. HUMIC ACID LIQUID FERTILIZER TREATMENT

A series of pot experiments was conducted under plastic house at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2012 and 2013 seasons to reveal the individual and combined effects of actosol (a humic acid NPK liquid fertilizer) when applied monthly as a foliar spray at the rates of 0.0, 2.5 and 5.0 ml/l and as a soil drench at the rates of 0.0, 10.0 and 15.0 ml/l on growth and chemical composition of mistletoe fig (Ficus deltoidea Jack.) transplants (6- months-old) grown in 20-cm-diameter plastic pots filled with about 2.5 kg of a mixture of sand, clay and peatmoss (1:1:1, v/v/v).The obtained results indicated that all vegetative and root growth parameters, the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) in the leaves, as well as N, P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn concentration in the leaves and roots were markedly improved in response to spraying or drenching with humic acid liquid fertilizer at various levels, with the superiority of the combination between 5.0 ml/l level as foliar spray and 10.0 ml/l level as soil drench, which gave, in general the highest records in the two seasons compared to control and all other treatments. Hence, it could be recommended to apply humic acid liquid fertilizer (actosol) monthly during the active growing period at the rate of 5.0 ml/l as foliage spray combined with 10.0 ml/l level as soil drench in order to get good and healthy mistletoe fig (Ficus deltoidea Jack.) plants suitable for commercial marketing

Influence of using Straight and Twisted Elliptical Section Heater Tubes on Stirling Engine Performance

The heat transfer area of the heater tubes is a significant factor that deeply affects net output power and thermal efficiency in Stirling engines. It is greatly affected by the input heat transfer rate, heater tube geometries, and heat transfer removal rate. The alpha Stirling engine heater is our concern in this study. An ordinary circular and straight elliptical section heater tubes having different twisting ratios with a rectangular section-connecting duct are used to study the different heater tube configurations and twisting effect on the heat transfer characteristics and working fluid motion inside the engine. Three twisting ratios of two, three, and four with each section of the heater tube are used in this study. The 3D simulation model using the SST K-ω model using ANSYS FLUENT-16 is used for simulating airflow through the hot cylinder, heater tubes, regenerator, cooler, and cold cylinder of the Stirling engine, during a complete engine cycle. The results showed that increasing the twisting value increases the net output power and the thermal efficiency. The maximum net power output occurs at the elliptical section heater tube with a two-twist ratio with a value of 1249.26 W by an increase of 86.90 W with respect to the ordinary circular heater. In addition, the maximum thermal efficiency occurs at the elliptical section heater tube with a two-twist ratio with a value of 29.55% by an increase of 1.07% with respect to the ordinary circular heater

A Multiple-Objective Environmental Rationalization and Optimization for Material Substitution in the Production of Stone-Washed Jeans- Garments

As the Textile Industry is the second largest industry in Egypt and as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make up a great portion of this industry therein it is essential to apply the concept of Cleaner Production for the purpose of reducing pollution. In order to achieve this goal, a case study concerned with ecofriendly stone-washing of jeans-garments was investigated. A raw material-substitution option was adopted whereby the toxic potassium permanganate and sodium sulfide were replaced by the environmentally compatible hydrogen peroxide and glucose respectively where the concentrations of both replaced chemicals together with the operating time were optimized. In addition, a process-rationalization option involving four additional processes was investigated. By means of criteria such as product quality, effluent analysis, mass and heat balance; and cost analysis with the aid of a statistical model, a process optimization treatment revealed that the superior process optima were 50%, 0.15% and 50min for H2O2 concentration, glucose concentration and time, respectively. With these values the superior process ought to reduce the annual cost by about EGP 105 relative to the currently used conventional method

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Salmonella spp. from Chicken purchased at Wad Madani City, Gezira State, Sudan

Background: Salmonella is a potential human pathogen that causes salmonellosis, a food-borne disease. Addressing these major food safety and public health issues with effective monitoring of food-borne pathogens and dietary measures.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the local markets of Alsug Alkabeer (AB), Alsug Ashabi (AK), and Alsug Alsageer (AS) sites in Wad Madani state, Sudan to detect and assess Salmonella infection in raw and cooked chicken samples.Results: The results showed that the maximum number of different Salmonella species was recovered from raw and cooked specimens of chicken obtained from AB, AK and AS which were 6.5, 4.4, and 4cfu/g, respectively. In addition, Salmonella spp. in the locally reared chicken is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of farm poultry. On the other hand, the highest Salmonella count was recorded in AS, AK and AB egg samples which were 5.9, 3.5, and 2.3cfu/g, respectively. Interestingly, eggs from local sources of chicken had significantly (p < 0.05) higher numbers of Salmonella spp. compared to those from farm sources. Six species of Salmonella were described, namely: Salmonella typhi, S. cheers, S. arizonae, S. enteritidis, S. pullorum, and S. gallinarum.Conclusion: High occurrence of Salmonella spp. in this study might be attributed to the low hygienic measures in the poultry retail markets during slaughtering and/or handling processes. Further studies are required and should be conducted within Gezira state to assess food safety.Keywords: Food-borne disease; Pathogens; Biochemical test; Contamination; Food safety; Microbial growth; Food poisonin

Impact of Moringa oleifera Leaf and Flaxseed on Lipid Oxidation and Microbiological Characteristics of Chicken Burger During Cold Storage

Background: Practice of making burgers out of chicken instead of red meat is gaining popularity. because of their high fat substance and on account of no social or strict limitations to the utilization of poultry. The present study aimed to assess effect of adding Moringa oleifera leaf and flaxseed combinations on lipid oxidation and microbiological traits of chicken burger during cold storage.Methods: In this study the pH, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as well as microbiological characteristics of chicken burger formulated by various levels of Moringa oleifera leaf and flaxseed powder were evaluated. Samples were as follows: control=0%FS+0%MLP; T1=20%FS+0%MLP; T2=15%FS+5%MLP; T3=10%FS+10%MLP; T4=5%FS+15%MLP; andT5=0%FS+20%MLP.Results: The results showed that the pH value of burger samples supplemented with Moringa oleifera and flaxseed was decreased (P≤0.05) with an increasing period of storage and ranged between 3.5–5.1 and 3.3-4.9 when stored for 15 and 30 days, respectively.Conclusion: Peroxide values of T2, T3, T4 and T5 as well as the value of TBA within the MLP-treated and FS-treated samples (P 0.05) decreased with the progression of the storage period. Microbiological characteristics (P 0.05) were affected by the incorporation of MLP and FS in chicken burger treatments.Keywords: Burger; T.B.A.; Peroxide value; Contamination; Coliform bacteria;  E.coli; Moringa oleifera; Flaxseed