Calculation and Analysis of Total Quantity of Solar Radiation Incident on the Horizontal Surface of Babylon

This study includes mathematical methods to calculate the total amount of solar radiation falling on the horizontal surface of the city of Hilla, for the unit of area, which can be applied on the ground in order to use photo voltage cells for the electrical energy needed to feed the required loads, weather data have been relied on  temperature, relative humidity, dust and clouds for the period from 1/9/2012 to 05/01/2013 which taken from the Meteorological station of Education College for Pure Sciences - University of Babylon, as well as data from the Meteorological station of Sciences College - University of Babylon for the period from 1/5/2012 to 01/09/2012 located on longitude (44.401o) and width (32.4o), which have a direct impact on the angle of the fall of the solar radiation. The results showed that the amount of solar radiation calculated theoretically for the city of Hilla per m2 was the reality within the range 0-945 W / m2. The study also proved that weathering has a direct impact on the amount of solar radiation measured through decreasing it by the processes of absorption and scattering depending on the diameter of particles, dust and water vapor (the amount of relative humidity) in the air and the type and thickness and height of the clouds

Calculation and Analysis of Total Quantity of Solar Radiation Incident on the Horizontal Surface of Babylon

This study includes mathematical methods to calculate the total amount of solar radiation falling on the horizontal surface of the city of Hilla, for the unit of area, which can be applied on the ground in order to use photo voltage cells for the electrical energy needed to feed the required loads, weather data have been relied on  temperature, relative humidity, dust and clouds for the period from 1/9/2012 to 05/01/2013 which taken from the Meteorological station of Education College for Pure Sciences - University of Babylon, as well as data from the Meteorological station of Sciences College - University of Babylon for the period from 1/5/2012 to 01/09/2012 located on longitude (44.401o) and width (32.4o), which have a direct impact on the angle of the fall of the solar radiation. The results showed that the amount of solar radiation calculated theoretically for the city of Hilla per m2 was the reality within the range 0-945 W / m2. The study also proved that weathering has a direct impact on the amount of solar radiation measured through decreasing it by the processes of absorption and scattering depending on the diameter of particles, dust and water vapor (the amount of relative humidity) in the air and the type and thickness and height of the clouds

Optical Properties For (PVA- PEG-NiNO3) Composites

The present paper is aimed to modification of the optical properties of poly-vinyl alcohol and poly-ethylene glycol with different concentrations of ( NiNO3). The absorption and transmission spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range     (200-800)nm . The absorption coefficient and energy gap of the indirect allowed and forbidden transition have been determined, Also, extinction coefficient, index coefficient, real and imaginary part of dielectric constant have been calculated. Keywords: optical properties, polymer composites, optical constants, polyethylene glycol

Study of Absorption Spectra, Fluorescence and Energy Levels of Fluorescein Dye

    درس في هذا البحث اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة لمحلول صبغة الفلورسين المذابة في الايثانول وبتراكيز مختلفة، اذ تم حساب الخصائص البصرية (الامتصاصية ،النفاذية، معامل الامتصاص والانكسار الخطيين وكذلك حساب  العمر الزمني والنتاج الكمي للفلورة). تبين من النتائج ان نقصان التركيز يؤدي الى نقصان قيم الامتصاصية وزيادة قيم النفاذية مما يؤدي ذلك الى نقصان قيم معامل الامتصاص ومعامل الانكسار وهذا ما يتفق مع قانون لامبرت، كذلك تقل قيم شدة الفلورة وتزاح قمة طيف انبعاث الفلورة نحو الاطوال الموجية الاطول(red shift)  وبالتالي يقل العمر الزمني للفلورة ويزداد النتاج الكمي ، وبالتالي استخدام هذه الصبغة كوسط فعال ليزري في ليزرات الحالة السائلة. كذلك درس طيف الأشعة تحت الحمراء عمليا ونظرياً لهذه الصبغة باستخدام برنامج(Gaussian 9) للتعرف على أنماط الاهتزاز للصبغة المستخدمة.The absorption and fluorine spectra of dissolved fluorescein solution in ethanol and different concentrations were studied. The optical properties(absorbance, permeability, linear absorption, and refractive index, as well as time and fluoridation)were calculated. The results showed that a decrease in concentration leads to a decrease in absorption values and an increase in permeability values. This results in a decrease in the values of the absorption coefficient and refractive index. This is in accordance with Lambert's law. Also, the values of the fluorine are lower. The top of the emission spectrum is transferred to the longer wavelengths. The temporal age of fluoride decreases and the quantitative output increases, thus using this dye as an effective laser medium in liquid state lasers. The infrared spectroscopy of the dye was also studied using the (Gaussian 9) program.                                        &nbsp