Current and future aspects of TIM-3 as biomarker or as potential targeted in non-small cell lung cancer scope: is there a role in clinical practice?

Lung cancer is an aggressive disease with a high rate of mortality (1). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes approximately 85% of all histology types (2). In the 1990’s, chemotherapy was the standard of care for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC (3). Since 2005, targeted therapies have emerged as a new cornerstone in the treatment of NSCLC. These include epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFRTKI) such as gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, osimertinib, and dacomitinib (4) as well as the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors crizotinib, alectinib, ceritinib, brigatinib and lorlatinib (5,6). Improving our understanding of tumor biology has therefore become a fundamental issue among oncologists to optimize these novel treatment strategies (7). In 2018, James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo (8) won the Nobel prize for their research on the mechanisms of the tumor immune escape, which led to the first immunotherapy drugs to be utilized in clinical practice: nivolumab and ipilimumab (3,9). The Karolinska Institute Nobel Prize Committee declared that Allison and Honjo’s findings constituted the fourth cornerstone of cancer treatment, alongside surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (1,9).National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) 402621/2016-6info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio