Disposição construtiva em amostrador para solos moles

DepositadaDisposição construtiva em amostrador para solos moles, conforme descrito no relatório e conforme os desenhos anexos refere-se o presente pedido de patente de modelo de utilidade a uma disposição construtiva para amostradores de solos moles. Mais especificamente, um amostrador dotado de um mecanismo denominado cortesuporte, com formato de uma calota esférica, com lâminas conectadas como mandíbulas, que tem por objetivo, ao final da cravação, cortar a amostra de modo a não empurrá-la para dentro do amostrador, assim como impedir que a mesma escorregue, garantindo assim a sua recuperação com minimização dos efeitos de amolgamento

Mediation and digital intensities: Topology, psychology and social media

Social media are said to offer seemingly endless ways of connecting with people in a variety of online spaces. The mediated form that such communication takes has re-opened many theoretical debates regarding the status of relationships that are organized and managed online. In this article we seek to explore these issues through the lens of topological thinking, and particularly through the work of Kurt Lewin (1890–1947). Lewin’s topological psychology has recently featured in the social sciences as a way of overcoming some of the, frankly unhelpful, dualistic thinking that features commonly in psychology (e.g. subject–object, mind–body, individual–social). Topological thought focuses on the spatial distribution of psychological experience, and therefore offers a social perspective not reliant on traditional notions of internalized psychological states and traits. The kind of spatiality at work though is not one that relies on Euclidean fixity, but one that draws out notions of stretching, moulding, bending and flexing. Space is seen not as a fixed property, but rather the form that psychological activity takes through connections and relations with others. In this article we seek to explore the potential value in characterizing social media activity topologically. This involves analysing people’s experiences with social media, and how topological concerns of boundaries, connections and thresholds work (or not) in and through social media. Furthermore, the focus is not only on extensive properties of social media, but rather on how intensive processes are actualized and distributed in and through mediation

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There are many locations throughout the world where subsurface contamination impacts the natural environment, with potentially serious consequences for the quality of our water and for human heath. At U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites alone there are estimated to be "about 6.4 billion cubic meters of contaminated soil, groundwater and other environmental media" (DOE Environmental Management Science Program announcement 02-03). One of the initial steps in dealing with a contaminated site is that referred to as site characterization. During site characterization, measurements are made that allow for the development of an accurate model of the physical, chemical, biological, and hydrogeological properties of the subsurface. Such a model is required to design an appropriate plan for remediation of a contaminated site and can also be used, and continually updated, for short-term or long-term monitoring of the site. Site characterization can involve locating and identifying a known or suspected contaminant, and can also involve determining the properties of the subsurface controlling the fate and transport of the contaminant. The challenging problem we face, at many sites, is identifying an approach to site characterization that provides the required information about the subsurface while minimizing the risks associated with contacting the contaminated region. The most common approach to site characterization involves drilling and directly sampling the near surface (top 100 m) of the earth. Boreholes are used to extract samples for laboratory analyses, for borehole logging, and to conduct on-site testing. Examples of on-site testing include water sampling for the direct detection of contaminants and pump tests, slugs tests, and tracer tests to estimate hydraulic conductivity. While the borehole-based methods can provide direct and accurate measurement of subsurface properties of interest, they are limited in terms of the spatial density of the sampling (dictated by the number of boreholes) and the volume of the sampled region. This raises the concern that the acquired data are not sufficiently representative of the subsurface region of interest. In addition to these limitations in spatial coverage there is the risk, with any method requiring drilling, of directly contacting the contaminant. This could impact worker health and safety, and possibly further spread the contaminant in the subsurface. As a result, the cost of drilling boreholes at contaminated sites is very high. The last 10 years has seen tremendous growth in the use of cone penetration testing (CPT) for characterization of unconsolidated sediments at contaminated sites. The great appeal of CPT is the fact that it is minimally invasive, which reduces the risks associated with contacting a contaminant. Rather than drilling a borehole to access and sample a subsurface region, a 36-mm diameter steel cylinder with a cone-shaped tip is pushed into the ground while making measurements with sensors mounted close to the tip. The cone is pushed into the ground using hydraulic rams mounted on a large truck, with the mass of the truck providing the reaction load (~30 tons). Given favorable ground conditions, the trucks have the capacity to push a cone to a depth of approximately 100 m. The trucks have equipment for decontaminating the cone as it is withdrawn and for grouting the remaining hole, so the potential for spreading any encountered contaminant is minimized. While CPT data can provide very useful information about subsurface properties (e.g., soil type, electrical resistivity, shearwave velocity), the sampled region is the 5-50 cm immediately adjacent to the cone; i.e., the data set provided is a 1D depth profile at the cone-push location. As with borehole measurements, sampling such a small volume will generally be inadequate for accurately characterizing a heterogeneous region. In addition, parts of the sampled region are disturbed by the emplacement of the cone. For these reasons, reliance on CPT data could introduce considerable errors in the estimates of subsurface properties and in the prediction of subsurface processes, such as fluid flow and contaminant transport. There is growing interest in the use of geophysical methods for site characterization at contaminated sites. Geophysics can provide high resolution images of large 3D volumes of the subsurface thus providing more extensive sampling of an undisturbed region than either borehole-based methods or CPT. Currently available are methods deployed from the surface of the earth such as ground-penetrating radar (GPR), reflection seismic, and electromagnetic methods; and methods deployed in boreholes such as cross-well seismic, electrical resistance tomography (ERT), and cross-well radar. The surface-based methods are fully noninvasive so there is no risk of disturbing subsurface contaminants. This has led to evaluation of their potential usefulness at DOE sites

Penetration and retrieval forces during sampling in a very soft clay

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Monogamous latin squares

We show for all n not in {1,2,4} that there exists a latin square of order n that contains two entries γ_1 and γ_2 such that there are some transversals through γ_1 but they all include γ_2 as well. We use this result to show that if n>6 and n is not of the form 2p for a prime p greater or equal to 11 then there exists a latin square of order n that possesses an orthogonal mate but is not in any triple of MOLS. Such examples provide pairs of 2-maxMOLS

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In laboratory experiments we measured the saturation effects on the acoustic properties in carbonates and the results question some theoretical assumptions. In particular, these laboratory experiments under dry and wet conditions show that shear moduli do not remain constant during saturation. This change in shear modulus puts Gassmann's assumption of a constant shear modulus into question and also explains why velocities predicted with the Gassmann equation can be lower or higher than measured velocities. Background and experimental setup. Porosity is the most important factor controlling sonic velocity but our data document that pore type, pore fluid compressibility and variations in shear modulus due to saturation are also important factors for velocities in carbonate rocks. Most laboratory research on saturation effects has been carried out in sandstone, despite the fact that about half of the world's oil and gas reserves are in carbonates. Only a few studies had investigated the effect of saturation on velocity in carbonate rocks. Rafavich et al. (1984) conclude that porosity is the major factor influencing velocity and that pore-fluid type has no statistically relevant influence. In contrast, Japsen et al. The aim of the study described in this article was to further investigate the effect of saturation on different carbonates. We selected 30 limestone samples from Cretaceous and Miocene reservoirs with porosities from 3% to over 30%, and having different texture and pore types. Measuring sonic velocity under dry and saturated conditions on a single sample under variable confining pressure is an experimental challenge, because the sample might be altered during pressurization. To overcome this experimental dilemma we selected macroscopically homogeneous samples and cut them in half. Samples with nearly identical porosities (less the 2% variation) in both halves were used for this experiment. One half of each sample was measured first under dry conditions using variable hydrostatic confining pressure in steps from 2 MPa up to a maximum of 80 MPa and back down to 2 MPa. If, upon completion of the pressure cycle, no hysteresis effect was detected, the sample was considered unaltered and measured under saturated conditions. Otherwise, the second half of the sample was used for measurements under saturated conditions. The samples were saturated with degassed, distilled water for at least 12 hours under vacuum conditions to assure complete saturation. During the measurement, the pore fluid pressure was kept constant at 2 MPa. The same effective pressure steps as used in the dry sequence were measured. A single compressional wave and two orthogonally polarized shear waves were simultaneously measured at center frequency of 1 MHz. Effect of saturation on V P , V S , and V P /V S ratio. Gas-water substitution causes an increase in bulk modulus and in compressional-wave velocity (V P ). In we exclude the bulk moduli stiffening effect, then the increased bulk density due to water-filled pores slightly reduces both the shear-wave velocity (V S ) and V P . This density effect solely does not change the V P /V S ratio Many compressional velocities of our water-saturated samples are higher than the dry samples, and most shearwave velocities decrease in the saturated samples