Degree of urbanization and gender differences in substance use among Slovak adolescents

Substance use among adolescents varies with gender and between countries. Urbanization may contribute to this. The aim of our study is to explore the association between the degree of urbanization and gender differences in adolescent smoking, binge drinking, and cannabis use. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of Slovak adolescents was used (N = 3,493; mean age = 14.33), stratified by degree of urbanization. The effects of gender and urbanization of the area and their interaction on substance use (smoking, binge drinking, and cannabis) were analyzed using a logistic regression model adjusted for age. Gender and area and their interaction had statistically significant (p <0.01) associations with substance use. The lower the urbanization of the area, the less riskily females behaved. An exception was found in the case of binge drinking where the results of the interaction of gender and degree of urbanization were not significant for the second least urbanized area. Prevalence rate of substance use among girls increased along with an increasing degree of urbanization, while the prevalence rate of substance use among boys remained constant

Synthesis of some pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid-hydrazide and pyrazolopyridazine compounds

Furan-2,3-diones la-c react with various hydrazines 2a-c under different conditions to yield the pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid-hydrazide 3a-d. Cyclocondensation reactions of la or 7 with phenylhydrazine lead to derivatives of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinones 6 and 8, respectively. The structures of all products were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, H-1- and C-13-NMR spectroscopic measurements

Reactions of alpha-oxo ketenes with amides: Experimental data and semiempirical AM1 molecular orbital calculations

The thermal decomposition of 4-acyl substituted furan-2,3-diones (1a, b) leads to the alpha-oxo ketenes (2a, b) as an intermediate which undergoes nucleophilic addition reactions with amides. Some of alpha-N-acyl-oxo-amide derivatives (4a-h) obtained show keto-enol tautomerism. The reaction mechanism of ketene (R1) with formamide (R2) are calculated by AMI method. Transition states (TS1 and TS2) were further confirmed by vibrational analysis and characterized by the corresponding imaginary vibration modes and frequencies. According to calculations, intermediate (IN) is in the planar zwitterion structure. The transition structure (TS2) has almost a planar structure. Analysis of the molecular orbitals indicates that the reaction is best described as pseudopericyclic

Reactions of 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-one with carboxylic anhydrides: Experimental data and AM1 calculations

1-Amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-one 1 reacts with several carboxylic anhydrides 2a-d under different conditions and gives new amide and imide derivatives. The structure of these compounds, 3a-d, are determined by spectroscopic methods. Electronic and geometric structures of reactants, transition stares, intermediates and final products of the reaction are calculated by the AMI method. Transition states are further confirmed by vibrational analysis (computation of force constants analytically) and characterized by the corresponding imaginary vibration modes and frequencies

Reactions of cyclic oxalyl compounds, reaction of some furan-2,3-diones with various hydrazine derivatives

Furan-2,3-diones (1a-c) react with various hydrazines (2a-d) in boiling benzene to yield the pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids (3a-c) and the 1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,4-diones (6a-d). The structures of all products were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, H-1- and C-13-NMR spectroscopic measurements. Thermal decomposition of 4-benzoyl-1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (3b) leads to the formation of [1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-y1]phenylmethanone (5). The pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid chloride (4) was obtained from the reaction of 3a and thionyl chloride

Element content of propolis from different regions of Turkey

Levels of Na, K, Ca, Mg, N, Cu and Zn of propolis samples originating from different geographic locations of Turkey were investigated. Sodium was the most abundant element in the samples. The calcium content was found between 0.118-0.0793 mg g(-1). The highest magnesium content was found in samples from Yozgat region, whereas the lowest was in those of Adana region. Potassium content changed between 0.121-0.364 mg g(-1). There were no statistical differences in nitrogen levels. Interestingly, no sulphur (S) was detected in propolis samples. The copper and zinc content changed between 0.045-0.096 mg g(-1), 0.176-0.676 mg g(-1), respectively. Finally, mineral content of Turkish propolis was about the same as the commercial propolises from other countries. The content of Cu in propolises was generally within safe limits, and compared well with levels in foods from Turkish Food Codex, though Zn contents were high

4-(-4-methoxybenzoyl)-5-(-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,3-furandione, its synthesis, thermolysis and Diels-Alder reactions with Schiff bases: Experimental data and calculations

p,p'-Dimethoxydibenzoylmethane 1 combines with oxalyl chloride 2 to yield novel furan-2,3-dione 3. Thermal transformation is supposed to occur by the ring opening of the 3 followed by the intermediate p,p'-dimethoxydibenzoylketene IN1 cyclization resulting in the gamma -pyrone IN3. The reaction of 3 with Schiff bases under thermolysis conditions leads to 1,3 oxazinones 5,6. The reaction pathways include formal [4+2] cycloaddition processes, obviously, Electronic structures of reactants, transition states, intermediates and final products of the reaction are calculated by the AM1 method. Transition states was further confirmed by vibrational analysis (computation of force constants analytically) and characterised by the corresponding imaginary vibration modes and frequencies

Reaction of some furan-2,3-diones with various 1,2-phenylenediamines

Condensation of 4-aroyl-5-aryl-2,3-furandiones (1a,b) and ethyl 4,5-dioxo-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate (1c) with various 1,2phenylenediamines (2d-f) gave 2(1H)-quinoxalinone derivatives, 1,3-diaryl-2-(3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2-quinoxalinyl)-1,3-propanediones (3ae,af,bd,be,bf) and ethyl 3-aryl-3oxo-2-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-2-quinoxalinyl)propanoate (3cd,ce). Alkaline treatment of 1,3-propanediones (3af,bd,bf) gave corresponding 3-aroylmethy1-2(1H)quinoxalinones (4af,bd,bf)