Эффективность и результативность дистанционного обучения

В докладе обсуждаются вопросы эффективности и результативности дистанционного обучения в Беларуси

Separation of domestic wastes for composting and compost evaluation in cucumber production [separacion de residuos domiciliarios para la preparación de compost y su análisis en la producción de pepinos]

The management of domestic wastes is not merely an issue of home technology, but of strategies, education and social awareness; it requires the participation of authorities, businessmen and civil society. The objective of this study was under these premises, with emphasis on the participation of society to manage kitchen wastes and garden residues through composting in a residential area of Zapopan, Jalisco, in August, 2007. A program of collection, quantification, classification and evaluation of the neighbors' response to the call to separate the kitchen waste was implemented. For composting the residues were deposited in two wooden bins in alternating layers with garden waste up to place 3000 kg of kitchen waste and 1595 kg of garden waste per bin. The composting period was 105 d, in which an average of 4 kg garbage d -1 house -1 was generated. Each household generated an average of 1.92 kg -1 of kitchen waste. According to the 21 fractions of waste classification, it was found that 47.4 % were kitchen waste, 10.7 % paper, 7.4 % garden waste and 0.4 % aluminum cans and paper. In addition, 61 % of household waste can be handled by composting, 24.3 % by recycling, 12.4 % by composting when consumption patterns of the population change by using new technologies to manufacture compostable materials and only 2.3 % can be handled in sanitary landfills. At the end of composting the kitchen and garden wastes became a product with texture and smell similar to a gardening land; the loss of volume and dry matter was 44 and 44.7 %. The compost was characterized by: pH 8.26, conductivity 5.55 dS m -1, total N 1.5 %, Na 370.54 mg kg -1, Cu 35.38 mg kg -1, Be 0.56 mg kg -1, Al 7927 mg kg -1, Ba 44 mg kg -1, Cd 0.49 mg kg -1, Ca 5.44 %, Cr 6.33 mg kg -1, Pb 8.67 mg kg -1, Co 1.42 mg kg -1, Fe 4379.74 mg kg -1, Mg 0.32 %, Mn 767.07 mg kg -1, Mo 13.75 mg kg -1, Ni 3.16 mg kg -1, P 0.24 %, K 1.2 %, Ag<0.29 mg kg -1, Zn 165.28 mg kg -1, Sb 18.87 mg kg -1, Ti 118.99 mg kg -1 and V 10.32 mg kg -1. In a greenhouse study with cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) grown for 103 d in pots with different compost and sand ratios, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the number and cumulative weight of cucumbers harvested per pot in five of six treatments, nor between the weight and average length of the cucumbers. According to the analysis 2369 kg of kitchen waste and 1185 kg of garden residues should be subjected to composting per day. For 120 d of composting it is required a minimum area of 2257 m 2, where 10 windows (31 m long, 3 m wide and 2 m high) would be installed to have a compost production of 2246 kg d -1 to reach the stationary phase

Separation of domestic wastes for composting and compost evaluation in cucumber production [separacióen de residuos domiciliarios para la preparación de compost y su análisis en la producción de pepinos]

The management of domestic wastes is not merely an issue of home technology, but of strategies, education and social awareness; it requires the participation of authorities, businessmen and civil society. The objective of this study was under these premises, with emphasis on the participation of society to manage kitchen wastes and garden residues through composting in a residential area of Zapopan, Jalisco, in August, 2007. A program of collection, quantification, classification and evaluation of the neighbors' response to the call to separate the kitchen waste was implemented. For composting the residues were deposited in two wooden bins in alternating layers with garden waste up to place 3000 kg of kitchen waste and 1595 kg of garden waste per bin. The composting period was 105 d, in which an average of 4 kg garbage d -1 house -1 was generated. Each household generated an average of 1.92 kg -1 of kitchen waste. According to the 21 fractions of waste classification, it was found that 47.4 % were kitchen waste, 10.7 % paper, 7.4 % garden waste and 0.4 % aluminum cans and paper. In addition, 61 % of household waste can be handled by composting, 24.3 % by recycling, 12.4 % by composting when consumption patterns of the population change by using new technologies to manufacture compostable materials and only 2.3 % can be handled in sanitary landfills. At the end of composting the kitchen and garden wastes became a product with texture and smell similar to a gardening land; the loss of volume and dry matter was 44 and 44.7 %. The compost was characterized by: pH 8.26, conductivity 5.55 dS m -1, total N 1.5 %, Na 370.54 mg kg -1, Cu 35.38 mg kg -1, Be 0.56 mg kg -1, Al 7927 mg kg -1, Ba 44 mg kg -1, Cd 0.49 mg kg -1, Ca 5.44 %, Cr 6.33 mg kg -1, Pb 8.67 mg kg -1, Co 1.42 mg kg -1, Fe 4379.74 mg kg -1, Mg 0.32 %, Mn 767.07 mg kg -1, Mo 13.75 mg kg -1, Ni 3.16 mg kg -1, P 0.24 %, K 1.2 %, Ag<0.29 mg kg -1, Zn 165.28 mg kg -1, Sb 18.87 mg kg -1, Ti 118.99 mg kg -1 and V 10.32 mg kg -1. In a greenhouse study with cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) grown for 103 d in pots with different compost and sand ratios, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the number and cumulative weight of cucumbers harvested per pot in five of six treatments, nor between the weight and average length of the cucumbers. According to the analysis 2369 kg of kitchen waste and 1185 kg of garden residues should be subjected to composting per day. For 120 d of composting it is required a minimum area of 2257 m 2, where 10 windows (31 m long, 3 m wide and 2 m high) would be installed to have a compost production of 2246 kg d -1 to reach the stationary phase

Utilization of byproducts from the tequila industry: part 1: agave bagasse as a raw material for animal feeding and fiberboard production

Agave bagasse was successfully separated into fractions that were used in sheep feeding trials. Agave bagasse can be substituted for corn stubble in the sheep's diet which resulted in improved weight gain. Agave bagasse was also processed into long and short fiber fractions with a hammermill and fiberboards of medium and high specific gravities being produced. Medium specific gravity agave fiberboards had moisture and mechanical properties comparable to medium specific gravity fiberboards made using aspen fiber. All high specific gravity agave fiberboards made from short or long fibers were stronger in bending than the ANSI standard for hardboards. Copyright (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.Agave bagasse was successfully separated into fractions that were used in sheep feeding trials. Agave bagasse can be substituted for corn stubble in the sheep's diet which resulted in improved weight gain. Agave bagasse was also processed into long and short fiber fractions with a hammermill and fiberboards of medium and high specific gravities being produced. Medium specific gravity agave fiberboards had moisture and mechanical properties comparable to medium specific gravity fiberboards made using aspen fiber. All high specific gravity agave fiberboards made from short or long fibers were stronger in bending than the ANSI standard for hardboards

Utilization of recovered solids from tequila industry vinasse as fodder feed

Digestibility and sheep feeding trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of using fermented solids (FS) collected by centrifugation from tequila distillery wastewater. In the digestibility trial, 12 growing Pelibuey crossbred male sheep weighing 30 kg on average were randomly assigned to one of the following four dietary treatments (dry basis) in three replicates: (1) basal diet (BD); (2) DB + 15% fermented solids (FS); (3) BD + 30% FS and (4) BD + 45% FS. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and organic matter for these diets were determined. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for FS were also determined. The feeding trial was conducted with 36 sheep (average initial weight 19 kg). Animals were randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (three sheep per pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to one of the four diets used in the digestibility trial, so that each dietary treatment was fed to three pens of sheep. Average daily gain and feed intake were measured over a 56 day period with subsequent calculations of the feed:gain ratio. It seems that fermented solids can be utilized successfully by sheep which consequently can contribute to feed cost savings and to solve environmental problems of the tequila industry.Digestibility and sheep feeding trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of using fermented solids (FS) collected by centrifugation from tequila distillery wastewater. In the digestibility trial, 12 growing Pelibuey crossbred male sheep weighing 30 kg on average were randomly assigned to one of the following four dietary treatments (dry basis) in three replicates: (1) basal diet (BD); (2) DB + 15% fermented solids (FS); (3) BD + 30% FS and (4) BD + 45% FS. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and organic matter for these diets were determined. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for FS were also determined. The feeding trial was conducted with 36 sheep (average initial weight 19 kg). Animals were randomly assigned to one of 12 pens (three sheep per pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to one of the four diets used in the digestibility trial, so that each dietary treatment was fed to three pens of sheep. Average daily gain and feed intake were measured over a 56 day period with subsequent calculations of the feed:gain ratio. It seems that fermented solids can be utilized successfully by sheep which consequently can contribute to feed cost savings and to solve environmental problems of the tequila industry

Separation of domestic wastes for composting and compost evaluation in cucumber production

The management of domestic wastes is not merely an issue of home technology, but of strategies, education and social awareness; it requires the participation of authorities, businessmen and civil society. The objective of this study was under these premises, with emphasis on the participation of society to manage kitchen wastes and garden residues through composting in a residential area of Zapopan, Jalisco, in August, 2007. A program of collection, quantification, classification and evaluation of the neighbors’ response to the call to separate the kitchen waste was implemented. For composting the residues were deposited in two wooden bins in alternating layers with garden waste up to place 3000 kg of kitchen waste and 1595 kg of garden waste per bin. The composting period was 105 d, in which an average of 4 kg garbage d-1 house-1 was generated. Each household generated an average of 1.92 kg-1 of kitchen waste. According to the 21 fractions of waste classification, it was found that 47.4 % were kitchen waste, 10.7 % paper, 7.4 % garden waste and 0.4 % aluminum cans and paper. In addition, 61 % of household waste can be handled by composting, 24.3 % by recycling, 12.4 % by composting when consumption patterns of the population change by using new technologies to manufacture compostable materials and only 2.3 % can be handled in sanitary landfills. At the end of composting the kitchen and garden wastes became a product with texture and smell similar to a gardening land; the loss of volume and dry matter was 44 and 44.7 %. The compost was characterized by: pH 8.26, conductivity 5.55 dS m-1 , total N 1.5 %, Na 370.54 mg kg-1 , Cu 35.38 mg kg-1, Be 0.56 mg kg-1 , Al 7927 mg kg-1 , Ba 44 mg kg-1 , Cd 0.49 mg kg-1, Ca 5.44 %, Cr 6.33 mg kg-1 , Pb 8.67 mg kg-1, Co 1.42 mg kg-1 , Fe 4379.74 mg kg-1, Mg 0.32 %, Mn 767.07 mg kg-1, Mo 13.75 mg kg-1, Ni 3.16 mg kg-1, P 0.24 %, K 1.2 %, Ag0.29 mg kg-1, Zn 165.28 mg kg-1, Sb 18.87 mg kg-1, Ti 118.99 mg kg-1 and V 10.32 mg kg-1. In a greenhouse study with cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) grown for 103 d in pots with different compost and sand ratios, there was no statistically significant difference (p0.05) between the number and cumulative weight of cucumbers harvested per pot in five of six treatments, nor between the weight and average length of the cucumbers. According to the analysis 2369 kg of kitchen waste and 1185 kg of garden residues should be subjected to composting per day. For 120 d of composting it is required a minimum area of 2257 m2, where 10 windows (31 m long, 3 m wide and 2 m high) would be installed to have a compost production of 2246 kg d-1 to reach the stationary phase.status: publishe

Continuous solid-substrate fermentation of swine waste recovered solids for pig feed

The present study utilized a pilot-scale cylindrical rotating fermentor with a 3·41 m3 capacity. Recovered swine manure solids were combined with milled sorghum and fermented. Periodically, pH and fecal coliform measurements were made as quality controls of the fermented product. The fermented product was mixed with a nutritious swine supplement and fed directly to the pigs. Four animal performance trials were conducted to estimate the percentage of recovered solids recycled and to compare feed cost and grain sorghum consumption savings. After a total retention time of 4·5 days in the three-chambered fermentor, fecal coliforms died out and the fermented product (pH 4·0) appeared to be well-accepted by the pigs during the feeding trials. There were no statistical differences among the treatments. For a 4000-animal industrial piggery, it was estimated that about 64·4% of recovered solids can be recycled with about 16·5% saving of grain sorghum consumption in fattening pigs. © 1995

Utilization of by-products from the tequila industry. Part 2: Potential value of Agave tequilana Weber azul leaves

The leaves of the agave plant are left in the field after harvesting the heads for tequila production. Different types of agave leaves were isolated, classified, and their content in the total plant determined. The usable fractions were collected and their properties determined. Of the total wet weight of the agave plant, 54% corresponds to the agave head, 32% corresponds to materials which could be usable for sugar and fiber production which leaves 14% of the wet plant without apparent utility. The fractions with higher total reducing sugars (TRS) content were the fresh fraction of partially dry leaves stuck to the head and the leaf bases with a TRS content of 16.1% and 13.1%, respectively. The highest TRS concentration (16-28%) is in the agave head which is used for tequila production. The leaves are 90-120 cm long and 8-12 cm wide and contain fiber bundles that are 23-52 cm long and 0.6-13 mm wide. The ultimate fiber length is approximately 1.6 mm with an average width of 25 μm. There are several types of leaf fibers that can be utilized depending on what part of the plant they come from and what product is desired. Agave leaf fibers were pulped using a soda pulping process and the pulp was hand formed into test sheets. Test sheets made from pulped agave leaf fibers had a breaking length comparable to paper made from both pine and eucalyptus fibers, but the tear index and burst index were lower than the other two papers. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.The leaves of the agave plant are left in the field after harvesting the heads for tequila production. Different types of agave leaves were isolated, classified, and their content in the total plant determined. The usable fractions were collected and their properties determined. Of the total wet weight of the agave plant, 54% corresponds to the agave head, 32% corresponds to materials which could be usable for sugar and fiber production which leaves 14% of the wet plant without apparent utility. The fractions with higher total reducing sugars (TRS) content were the fresh fraction of partially dry leaves stuck to the head and the leaf bases with a TRS content of 16.1% and 13.1%, respectively. The highest TRS concentration (16-28%) is in the agave head which is used for tequila production. The leaves are 90-120 cm long and 8-12 cm wide and contain fiber bundles that are 23-52 cm long and 0.6-13 mm wide. The ultimate fiber length is approximately 1.6 mm with an average width of 25 μm. There are several types of leaf fibers that can be utilized depending on what part of the plant they come from and what product is desired. Agave leaf fibers were pulped using a soda pulping process and the pulp was hand formed into test sheets. Test sheets made from pulped agave leaf fibers had a breaking length comparable to paper made from both pine and eucalyptus fibers, but the tear index and burst index were lower than the other two papers

Times stacking mezcal agave bagasse and its effect on the properties of tomato compost substrate [Tiempos de apilado del bagazo del maguey mezcalero y su efecto en las propiedades del compost para sustrato de tomate]

The mezcal industry in Oaxaca, Mexico produces annually 122 696 tons of mezcal bagasse waste (Agave spp.), underutilized waste product that is incinerated or dumped into rivers and streams, causing serious environmental problems. In order to use, the organic bagasse waste as alternative for soilless culture of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), there were evaluated three compost from different stacking times (0, 90 and 180 days). To each material, it was determined their physical and physicochemical properties, also, they were evaluated as substrates for the cultivation of tomato under greenhouse and compared with coconut dust. In the three compost, the found values of the physical and physicochemical properties are within the reference level for growing substrates, except for the pH value, which was high 7.3 to 7.7. The compost of 180 days showed better granulometric relationship particle ratio of fine, medium and coarse particles, which favors the values of certain physical properties and of the airwater ratio. The three maguey bagasse compost used as a soilless organic substrate for tomato outperformed the substrate obtained with the coconut dust and did not affect fruit quality. With the 180 days bagasse stacking the highest yield was obtained (3.5 kg per plant) and number of marketable fruits (26.4 fruits per plant)