292 research outputs found
Strong Medicine for Competition Ills: The Judgment of the European Court of Justice in the IMS Health Action and Its Implications for Microsoft Corporation
The Logic & Limits of the Exceptional Circumstances Test in Magill and IMS Health
In this Article, we show that, in contrast to the Commission\u27s balancing approach in Microsoft, the ECJ\u27s narrow construction of the obligation to license IP under Article 82 of the EC Treaty is based on sound economics and constitutes appropriate public policy. The set of âexceptional circumstancesâ listed in Magill and IMS Health constitutes a reasonable implementation of the optimal legal standard for the assessment of refusals to licence IP: modified per se legality. In the IP context, an obligation to make property available is a requirement for compulsory licensing. The ECJ test limits compulsory licensing to those situations in which the prospective social benefits of licensing are large, while the negative effects of reducing the incentives to innovate are small. The ECJ test ensures that intervention is restricted to cases where the intervention is still likely to increase social welfare. The Commission\u27s test in Microsoft, being a balancing test, does not. As noted by Professor Gerardin, âbalancing ex ante vs. ex post efficiencies is obviously a very difficult process, which even the most sophisticated economists may find daunting. The risk of mistaken decisions is therefore high.
Interoperability as an "Essential Facility" in the Microsoft Case: Encouraging Stifling Competition or Innovation?
Between Economic Freedom and Effective Competition Enforcement:The Impact of the Antitrust Remedies Provided by the Modernisation Regulation on Investigated Partiesâ Freedom to Contract and to Enjoy Property
The Duty to license software in a dominant market position : the essential facility doctrine
Tutkielma kÀsittelee tietokoneohjelmistojen pakkolisensiointia mÀÀrÀÀvÀssÀ markkina-asemassa. Tutkielman erityisenÀ nÀkökulmana aiheeseen on se, onko Euroopan unionin oikeuden mukaan tietokoneohjelmistojen pakkolisensiointi mÀÀrÀÀvÀssÀ markkina-asemassa mahdollista ja jos on, niin mitkÀ tekijÀt vaikuttavat immateriaalioikeuksien pakkolisensiointivelvoitteeseen.
Tutkielma jakautuu viiteen pÀÀjaksoon, joista ensimmÀisessÀ esitellÀÀn tutkimusongelma sekÀ tutkielman rakenne tarkemmin. Toisessa pÀÀjaksossa kuvataan yleisellÀ tasolla tekijÀnoikeuden pÀÀperiaatteita, tietokoneohjelmistojen tekijÀnoikeussuojaa sekÀ tietokoneohjelmistoihin liittyviÀ erityispiirteitÀ ettÀ ilmiöitÀ. Kolmas jakso sisÀltÀÀ kuvauksen mÀÀrÀÀvÀn markkina-aseman vÀÀrinkÀytöstÀ Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen 102 artiklan mukaan.
NeljĂ€s pÀÀjakso kĂ€sittelee pakkolisensiointia mÀÀrÀÀvĂ€ssĂ€ markkina-asemassa. Jakso jakaantuu neljÀÀn alajaksoon, joista ensimmĂ€isessĂ€ alajaksossa tarkastellaan immateriaalioikeuden ja kilpailuoikeuden vastakkainasettelua. Toinen alajakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ kuvauksen niin sanotusta olennainen toimintaedellytys-opista (âthe essential facility doctrineâ) sekĂ€ siitĂ€, kuinka immateriaalioikeuteen liittyvĂ€t tapaukset tulisi tulkita tĂ€mĂ€n opin mukaan. Kolmannessa alajaksossa tarkastellaan Euroopan unionin oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€ntöÀ ja sitĂ€ kuinka olennainen toimintaedellytys-oppi on kehittynyt oikeuskĂ€ytĂ€nnössĂ€ immateriaalioikeuksien osalta. NeljĂ€s alajakso sisĂ€ltÀÀ erityisiĂ€ huomioita pakkolisensioinnista, kun kyseessĂ€ ovat immateriaalioikeudet.
Tutkielman viides ja viimeinen pÀÀjakso sisÀltÀÀ johtopÀÀtelmÀn siitÀ, voidaanko mÀÀrÀÀvÀssÀ markkina-asemassa oleva yhtiö velvoittaa myöntÀmÀÀn lisenssi tietokoneohjelmistoonsa sekÀ esitetÀÀn joitakin aiheeseen liittyviÀ avoimia kysymyksiÀ jatkotutkimusten kannalta.
Tutkimuksessa kÀydÀÀn lÀpi aiheeseen liittyvÀÀ lainsÀÀdÀntöÀ ja oikeuskÀytÀntöÀ sekÀ aiheesta tuotettua oikeustieteellistÀ kirjallisuutta, joiden perusteella pyritÀÀn tulkitsemaan millÀ edellytyksin immateriaalioikeuksia voidaan pakkolisensioida.
Tutkimuksen mukaan olemassa olevan oikeuskÀytÀnnön valossa mÀÀrÀÀvÀssÀ markkina-asemassa oleva yhtiö voidaan velvoittaa lisensioimaan tietokoneohjelmistoja tiettyjen edellytysten tÀyttyessÀ
Competition Law and Human Rights:Striking a Balance Between Business Freedom and Regulatory Intervention
Abuse of Dominant Position by Refusing to Issue Copyright Licenses
The aim of the paper is to analyze when firms abuse their dominant position, specifically with respect to refusing to issue copyright licenses. The objective is to understand what is meant by abuse by a dominant enterprise and view how different jurisdictions such as the United States (US) and European Union (EU) have dealt with the same, in order to examine the ability of the Indian legal framework to handle such cases. The scope of the paper is limited to providing a comparative analysis of the EU and US and attempts to apply the same to India. This paper seeks to explore whether competition law and intellectual property law intersect with each other and seeks to examine when dominant conduct can be regarded as abusive. The paper also scrutinizes how the US and EU courts have dealt with cases of denial of IPR license and whether the Indian scenario is well equipped to effectively handle cases of refusal to license
Management of Febrile Neutropenia - a German Prospective Hospital Cost Analysis in Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Primary Breast Cancer
Background: Febrile neutropenia/leukopenia (FN/FL) is the most frequent dose-limiting toxicity of myelosuppressive chemotherapy, but German data on economic consequences are limited. Patients and Methods: A prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, observational study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of FN/FL and its impact on health resource utilization and costs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), and primary breast cancer (PBC) patients. Costs are presented from a hospital perspective. Results: A total of 325 consecutive patients (47% LPD, 37% NSCLC, 16% PBC; 46% women; 38% age >= 65 years) with 68 FN/FL episodes were evaluated. FN/FL occurred in 22% of the LPD patients, 8% of the NSCLC patients, and 27% of the PBC patients. 55 FN/FL episodes were associated with at least 1 hospital stay (LPD n = 34, NSCLC n = 10, PBC n = 11). Mean (median) cost per FN/FL episode requiring hospital care amounted to (sic) 3,950 ((sic) 2,355) and varied between (sic) 4,808 ((sic) 3,056) for LPD, (sic) 3,627 ((sic) 2,255) for NSCLC, and (sic) 1,827 ((sic) 1,969) for PBC patients. 12 FN/FL episodes (LPD n = 9, NSCLC n = 3) accounted for 60% of the total expenses. Main cost drivers were hospitalization and drugs (60 and 19% of the total costs). Conclusions: FN/FL treatment has economic relevance for hospitals. Costs vary between tumour types, being significantly higher for LPD compared to PBC patients. The impact of clinical characteristics on asymmetrically distributed costs needs further evaluation
Refusal-to-Deal Cases of IP Rights in the Aftermarket of US and EU Law: Convergence of Both Law Systems Through Speaking the Same Language of Law and Economics
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