Global Health Education: a cross-sectional study among German medical students to identify needs, deficits and potential benefits (Part 2 of 2: Knowledge gaps and potential benefits)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Germany, educational deficits or potential benefits involved in global health education have not been analysed till now.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>We assess the importance medical students place on learning about social determinants of health (SDH) and assess their knowledge of global health topics in relation to (i) mobility patterns, their education in (ii) tropical medicine or (iii) global health.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cross-sectional study among medical students from all 36 medical schools in Germany using a web-based, semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were recruited via mailing-lists of students' unions, all medical students registered in 2007 were eligible to participate in the study. We captured international mobility patterns, exposure to global health learning opportunities and attitudes to learning about SDH. Both an objective and subjective knowledge assessment were performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>1126 online-replies were received and analysed. International health electives in developing countries correlated significantly with a higher importance placed on all provided SDH (p ≤ 0.006). Participation in tropical medicine (p < 0.03) and global health courses (p < 0.02) were significantly associated with a higher rating of 'culture, language and religion' and the 'economic system'. Global health trainings correlated with significantly higher ratings of the 'educational system' (p = 0.007) and the 'health system structure' (p = 0.007), while the item 'politics' was marginally significant (p = 0.053).</p> <p>In the knowledge assessment students achieved an average score of 3.6 (SD 1.5; Mdn 4.0), 75% achieved a score of 4.0 or less (Q₂₅= 3.0; Q₇₅= 4.0) from a maximum achievable score of 8.0. A better performance was associated with international health electives (p = 0.032), participation in tropical medicine (p = 0.038) and global health (p = 0.258) courses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The importance medical students in our sample placed on learning about SDH strongly interacts with students' mobility, and participation in tropical medicine and global health courses. The knowledge assessment revealed deficits and outlined needs to further analyse education gaps in global health. Developing concerted educational interventions aimed at fostering students' engagement with SDH could make full use of synergy effects inherent in student mobility, tropical medicine and global health education.</p

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CONSTANTINUS Porphyrogenitus imp. NovellæCOSMAS magister. Novellæ Romani seniorisNICEPHORUS Botaniates imp. Novellæ selectæNICEPHORUS Phocas. Novellæ selectæROMANUS I et III impp. Novellæ selectæNumérisation effectuée à partir d'un document de substitution.(1) Ecloga et synopsis librorum LX. Basilicorum, alphabet ; — (204 v°) Novellæ Romani senioris, dictante Cosma magistro ; — (207) Novellæ Constantini Porphyrogeniti ; — (211) Nicephori novella νομοθεσία ; — (212 v°) Novella Romani senioris : Παλαιὸς νόμος ; — (215) Constantini Porphyrogeniti novellæ de rebus militaribus ; — (217) Tabula graduum cognationis ; — (217 v°) Anonymi epistola theologica : Περὶ τῶν ἀναξίως ἱερατευόντων...Vient de M. Mynas

From identity to the economy: analysing the evolution of the decentralisation discourse

Few global phenomena have been as pervasive over the lifetime of Government and Policy as the drive towards decentralisation. The number of countries transferring authority and resources to subnational tiers of government has multiplied over the last twenty-five years. Yet the motives behind this trend remain relatively unknown. We explore these motives by analysing changes in the decentralisation discourse across a number of countries. We find that, while arguments about democracy and good governance have been at the heart of the reasoning for decentralisation, identity has progressively been relegated in favour of the economy and the promise of an economic dividend as the other main motivating factor. However, this shift from identity to the economy is highly contingent on who is driving the process. Despite noticeable shifts towards economic arguments in the discourse of nationalist and secessionist movements, identity remains strong in bottom-up discourses. In contrast, it has almost disappeared—if it ever existed—when the process of decentralisation is undertaken by the state or is encouraged by international organisations

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BASILIUS II Porphyrogenitus, imp. Novellæ constitutionesCONSTANTINUS Porphyrogenitus imp. NovellæEUSTATHIUS Magister. De hypoboloJOANNES Comnenus imp. NovellæLEO VI Sapiens, imperator CP. Prochiron legum. Novellæ constitutiones selectæMANUEL Comnenus. NovellæMANUEL Comnenus. ChrysobullæNICEPHORUS Botaniates imp. ChrysobullæNICEPHORUS Phocas. Novellæ selectæROMANUS I et III impp. Novellæ selectæNumérisation effectuée à partir d'un document de substitution.(5) Romani, Nicephori Phocæ, Joannis Comneni, Basilii junioris, Constantini Porphyrogeniti, Leonis et Manuelis Comneni novellæ ; — (76 v°) Nicephori Botaniatis et Manuelis Comneni chrysobullæ ; — (83 v°) Eustathii magistri de hypoboloSorbonne