非破壊化学分析による石器石材の研究: ネフライト製石器の再認識と新解釈

金沢大学人間社会研究域附属国際文化資源学研究センター日本を含め多くの地域で、発掘収蔵品、特に岩石同定調査はほとんど行われておらず、正しい化学分析による、客観的な岩石の記載に不備があった。本研究では携帯型蛍光X線分析装置（pXRF）を用い石製遺物の化学的分析と岩石同定を行うことで、先史時代の石材の把握と地質考古学的検討を試みている。第１年度は研究対象地域を、日本でも縄文時代の大規模遺跡として広く認知されている富山市の同市北代遺跡（縄文時代中期）および小竹貝塚遺跡（縄文時代初期）に注目して、同地域から出土した石斧の石材分析に取り組んだ（2017年11月）。北陸地方はヒスイ文化の中心地でもある。一方、同じくヒスイの原産地でもあるミャンマー中部地域の先史時代（新石器～青銅器時代）の遺跡から発掘された石製遺物についても、現地でのpXRF分析を試みた（2018年1月）。更にタイ、チュンポーン（2018年3月）での現地から出土した石製遺物の分析を行った。これまで日本の縄文時代石製遺物については、多くが蛇紋岩あるいは緑色岩を用いて製作されていると認識されていたが、今回の分析によって、蛇紋岩製石斧はごく少数しかなく、ほとんどのものが角閃石岩、その中でも多くがネフライト（緑閃石岩）製であることがわかった。縄文前期から中期にかけてヒスイ製の装飾品は存在することあれ、量的にはネフライトが大多数であった。一方、ミャンマーでは、安山岩、蛇紋岩を用いた石斧も確認できたが、これまでに分析したなかで約15試料がネフライト製の腕輪が認められた。また今回はじめてヒスイ製の装飾品を１つ確認することができた。一方、タイ南部のチュンポーンでは、青銅器時代も重要拠点遺跡（Khao Sek）から、ネフライト製のリンリンオー耳飾りと双獣頭ペンダントを確認できた。これまでの東南アジアの調査でもっとも南西から出土したものとして報告準備中である。研究課題/領域番号:17H06707, 研究期間(年度):2017-08-25 – 2019-03-31出典：「非破壊化学分析による石器石材の研究: ネフライト製石器の再認識と新解釈」研究成果報告書　課題番号17H06707（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17H06707/）を加工して作

Le « cycle de jade » kanak. Réévaluation archéologique d’un réseau d’échanges traditionnels (Mélanésie du Sud)

À l’arrivée des navigateurs européens, à la fin du xviiie siècle, les chefferies kanak des différentes îles de la Nouvelle-Calédonie étaient en relations formalisées à courte et moyenne distance grâce au fonctionnement de différents réseaux d’échanges, dont le plus célèbre décrit ethnographiquement est connu sous le nom de « cycle du jade ». Standardisé par l’ethnologie du xxe siècle en un axe unique d’échange, principalement à partir d’une source de « jade » de l’île Ouen, avec la fabrication de grandes lames ovales permettant la réalisation de « haches ostensoir » ainsi que de perles arrondies pour des colliers-monnaies, ce « cycle de jade » s’enrichit aujourd’hui avec la découverte d’une résurgence de filon de néphrite sur la côte Est de la Grande Terre. Ceci nécessite de reconsidérer la complexité des productions d’objets et des formes d’échanges formalisés existant dans « l’ensemble culturel traditionnel kanak » de pré-contact mais également durant la période coloniale.At first European contact at the end of the 18th century, the Kanak chiefdoms of the different Islands of New Caledonia were in formal short and long distance connections through a series of exchange networks. From ethnographic studies, the best known is the ‘Jade cycle’. This cycle was standardized by anthropological work in the 20th century as a unidirectional network mainly from a ‘jade’ source located on Ouen Island, used to produce large oval-shaped blades of “ostensoir axes” and also rounded beads for traditional necklace-money. This ‘jade cycle’ becomes more complicated with the recent discovery of a nephrite jade source on the east coast of Grande Terre, the main island of the archipelago. It is important to reconsider the complexity of object production and of the exchanges networks during the pre and post-contact “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex

Chemical characteristics in a 22-m ice core on the Belukha Glacier, Russia

To better understand how the chemical composition of a glacier in an inland continental region relates to the local climate, we collected ice core samples from the Belukha Glacier, Russia, in July 2001. We analyzed the samples for pH, anions, and cations. The primary soluble ions were SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Ca2+, and HCOO-. Moreover, we argue the following. 1) Ca2+ and its equivalent SO42-+ NO3- likely originated from terrestrial dust such as soil. 2) HCOO- and its equivalent NH4+ likely originated from vegetation and/or biomass burning. 3) The remaining SO42-+NO3- and NH4+ likely originated from livestock, commercial fertilizers, and natural fertilizers. 4) The NH4+ concentration was low when there was no contribution from vegetation and/or biomass burning

New minerals tsangpoite Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4) and matyhite Ca9(Ca0.5□0.5)Fe(PO4)7 from the D'Orbigny angrite

Tsangpoite, ideally Ca5(PO4)2(SiO4), the hexagonal polymorph of silicocarnotite, and matyhite, ideally Ca9(Ca0.5□0.5)Fe(PO4)7, the Fe-analogue of Ca-merrillite, were identified from the D'Orbigny angrite meteorite by electron probe microanalysis, electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. On the basis of electron diffraction, the symmetry of tsangpoite was shown to be hexagonal, P63/m or P63, with a = 9.489(4) Å, c = 6.991(6) Å, V = 545.1(6) Å3 and Z = 2 for 12 oxygen atoms per formula unit, and that of matyhite was shown to be trigonal, R3c, with a = 10.456 (7) Å, c = 37.408(34) Å, V = 3541.6 (4.8) Å3 and Z = 6 for 28 oxygen atoms per formula unit. On the basis of their constant association with the grain-boundary assemblage: Fe sulfide + ulvöspinel + Al-Ti-bearing hedenbergite + fayalite-kirschsteinite intergrowth, the formation of tsangpoite and matyhite, along with kuratite (the Fe-analogue of rhönite), can be readily rationalised as crystallisation from residue magmas at the final stage of the D'Orbigny meteorite formation. Alternatively, the close petrographic relations between tsangpoite/matyhite and the resorbed Fe sulfide rimmed by fayalite + kirschsteinite symplectite, such as the nucleation of tsangpoite in association with magnetite ± other phases within Fe sulfide and the common outward growth of needle-like tsangpoite or plate-like matyhite from the fayalite-kirschsteinite symplectic rim of Fe sulfide into hedenbergite, infer that these new minerals and the grain-boundary assemblage might represent metasomatic products resulting from reactions between an intruding metasomatic agent and the porous olivine-plagioclase plate + fayalite-kirschsteinite overgrowth + augite + Fe sulfide aggregates. Still further thermochemical and kinetics evidence is required to clarify the exact formation mechanisms/conditions of the euhedral tsangpoite, matyhite and kuratite at the grain boundary of the D'Orbigny angrite.Fil: Hwang, Shyh Lung. National Dong Hwa University; República de ChinaFil: Shen, Pouyan. National Sun Yat-sen Universit; República de ChinaFil: Chu, Hao-Tsu. Central Geological Survey; República de ChinaFil: Yui, Tzen-Fu. Institute of Earth Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Varela, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Instituto de Ciencias Astronómicas, de la Tierra y del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Iizuka, Yoshiyuki. Institute of Earth Sciences; República de Chin

In Situ Ti Isotopic Measurements by Laser Ablation MC-ICP-MS

We have been developing Laser Ablation Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) technique to measure titanium isotopic composition in situ. A principal aim of this work is to search for isotopic heterogeneities larger than the few epsilons (e, in parts in 10^4) of the solar system. Our analytical precision of the ratios of 46Ti, 48Ti, and 50Ti to 49Ti after exponential-law mass discrimination correction normalizing 47Ti/49Ti to 1.33375 were about 2.5 £` (2£m). Mixture solutions were prepared by adding the expected level of Ca, Cr, Mg, and Alto the Ti solutions to demonstrate that our interference correction is effective. We then applied our technique with 213 nm Nd-YAG laser ablation to five Ti-rich terrestrial solids, and all of them also showed titanium isotopic composition that was consistent with one an other and agreed with that for the solution standard. It appears that the in situ laser technique did not significantly in crease the long-term reproducibility be yond the 2.5 established using the solution method. This is an order of magnitude better than the typical precision of a few permil for secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The combination of the ability to perform in situ analysis on 30 mm spots with e level precision is a niche for LA-MC-ICP-MS. We also ablated two lines on a fassaite grain from a large well studied CAI Egg-6 of the Allende meteorite. After the mass discrimination was corrected by normalizing 47Ti/49Ti, the 46Ti and 48Ti are nor mal within about 2 £ while 50Ti/49Ti shows a 9 £ excess. These data are in excellent agreement with thermalion ization mass spectrometry (TIMS) results. Comparing our ICP-MS results against the results from TIMS studies, we found that our normal titanium isotopic ratios were closest to the less precise data of Heydegger et al. (1979) who measured Ti+. We support the proposal to IUPAC to change the accepted Ti abundance to that measured by ICP-MS and TIMS without using Ti oxides

キムラ ブザン コレクション ニオケル キッタン キンコウヒン キムラ ブザン ト チュウゴク ビジュツ コレクション

学習院大学東洋文化研究所一般研究プロジェクト「木村武山と中国美術コレクション」（研究代表者 鶴間和幸（文学部教授）、2017 ～ 2018年度）の研究成

Chronic Treatment with a Water-Soluble Extract from the Culture Medium of Ganoderma lucidum

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been known to increase systemic oxidative stress by chronic hyperglycemia and visceral obesity and aggravate cerebral ischemic injury. On the basis of our previous study regarding a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (designed as MAK), which exerts antioxidative and neuroprotective effects, the present study was conducted to evaluate the preventive effects of MAK on apoptosis and necroptosis (a programmed necrosis) induced by hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice. H/I was induced by a combination of unilateral common carotid artery ligation with hypoxia (8% O2 for 20 min) and subsequent reoxygenation. Pretreatment with MAK (1 g/kg, p.o.) for a week significantly reduced H/I-induced neurological deficits and brain infarction volume assessed at 24 h of reoxygenation. Histochemical analysis showed that MAK significantly suppressed superoxide production, neuronal cell death, and vacuolation in the ischemic penumbra, which was accompanied by a decrease in the numbers of TUNEL- or cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Furthermore, MAK decreased the expression of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 mRNA and protein, a key molecule for necroptosis. These results suggest that MAK confers resistance to apoptotic and necroptotic cell death and relieves H/I-induced cerebral ischemic injury in type 2 diabetic mice

Cognitive Profile of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Background/Aims: Frontal lobe dysfunction is believed to be a primary cognitive symptom in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH); however, the neuropsychology of this disorder remains to be fully investigated. The objective of this study was to delineate a comprehensive profile of cognitive dysfunction in iNPH and evaluate the effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt surgery on cognitive dysfunction. Methods: A total of 32 iNPH patients underwent neuropsychological testing of memory, attention, language, executive function, and visuoperceptual and visuospatial abilities. Of these 32 patients, 26 were reevaluated approximately 1 year following CSF shunt surgery. The same battery of tests was performed on 32 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 30 healthy elderly controls. Results: The iNPH patients displayed baseline deficits in attention, executive function, memory, and visuoperceptual and visuospatial functions. Impairments of attention, executive function, and visuoperceptual and visuospatial abilities in iNPH patients were more severe than in those with AD, whereas the degree of memory impairment was comparable to that in AD patients. A significant improvement in executive function was observed following shunt surgery. Conclusion: Patients with iNPH are impaired in various aspects of cognition involving both ‘frontal’ executive functions and ‘posterior cortical’ functions. Shunt treatment can ameliorate executive dysfunction